War of the Second Coalition

Examples of War of the Second Coalition in the following topics:

• Foreign Intervention

  • The King, many of the Feuillants, and the Girondins wanted to wage war.
  • They pitted the French First Republic against several monarchies, most notably Britain and Austria, and are divided in two periods: the War of the First Coalition (1792–1797) and the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802).
  • The War of the First Coalition began with French victories, which rejuvenated the French nation and emboldened the National Convention to abolish the monarchy.
  • By 1795, the French had captured the Austrian Netherlands and knocked Spain and Prussia out of the war with the Peace of Basel.
  • The War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802) included an alliances of Britain, Austria, Russia, the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, and Naples.

• Early Wars with Austria and Britain

  • This ended the War of the First Coalition, although Great Britain and France remained at war.
  • The Mediterranean campaign of 1798 was a series of major naval operations surrounding a French expeditionary force sent to Egypt under Napoleon Bonaparte that serves as a bridge between the War of the First Coalition and the War of the Second Coalition.
  • With the French Navy in the Mediterranean defeated, other nations were encouraged to join the Second Coalition and go to war with France.
  • The War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802) was the second war on revolutionary France by the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal and Naples.
  • Despite Napoleon's initial successes, including the temporary capture of the port city Valletta in Malta, the defeats of French Navy in the Mediterranean encouraged a number of states to join the Second Coalition and go to war with France.

• Napoleon's Military Record

  • The War of the Second Coalition began with the French invasion of Egypt, headed by Napoleon, in 1798.
  • Another crushing French triumph at Hohenlinden in Bavaria forced the Austrians to seek peace for a second time, leading to the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801.
  • With Austria and Russia out of the war, the United Kingdom found itself increasingly isolated and agreed to the Treaty of Amiens with Napoleon's government in 1802, concluding the Revolutionary Wars.
  • The lingering tensions proved too difficult to contain, however, and the Napoleonic Wars began a few years later with the formation of the Third Coalition, continuing the series of Coalition Wars.
  • The political effect of war increased.

• A Global War

  • Although the question of whether the Seven Years' War was the first world war remains ambiguous, the war marked a shift in the European balance of power that shaped the world far beyond Europe.
  • The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France on the other.
  • For the first time, aiming to curtail Britain and Prussia's ever-growing might, France formed a grand coalition of its own, which ended with failure as Britain rose as the world's predominant power, altering the European balance of power.
  • The term "Second Hundred Years' War" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of world-wide conflict during the entire 18th century, reminiscent of the more famous and compact struggle of the 14th century.
  • Consequently, when the American War of Independence turned into a global war between 1778–83, Britain found itself opposed by a strong coalition of European powers, and lacking any substantial ally.

• Introduction to the Peloponnesian War

  • The Peace of Nicias was signed in 421 BCE, concluding the first phase of the war.
  • The Athenians supported the Argives and encouraged them to form a coalition of democratic states within the Peloponnese and separate from Sparta.
  • The Battle of Mantinea was the largest land battle fought within Greece during the Peloponnesian War.
  • The Argive allied coalition initially utilized the sheer strength of their combined forces to score early successes, but failed to capitalize on them, providing the elite Spartan forces opportunities to defeat the coalition and save their city from a strategic defeat.
  • This ushered in the final phase of the war, known as the Decelean War, or the Ionian War.

• The Second Bank of the United States

  • The predominant reason that the Second Bank of the United States was chartered was because the United States had experienced severe inflation and was having difficulty financing military operations during the War of 1812.
  • The Second Bank of the United States, like the First Bank before it, was created as part of the American System of economics.
  • After the war, and despite its debt, the United States experienced an economic boom due to the devastation of the Napoleonic Wars.
  • The Second Bank of the United States soon began to lose money.
  • However, their strategy was not successful, and their coalition still lacked the necessary majority in Congress following the election to extend the Bank's charter.

• Wilson's Loss at Home

  • Despite Wilson's efforts, the Treaty of Versailles (and membership in the League of Nations) was never ratified by Congress.
  • It proved possible to build a majority coalition, but impossible to build a two-thirds coalition that was needed to pass the treaty.
  • A second group of Democrats supported the Treaty but followed Wilson in opposing any amendments or reservations.
  • They wanted a treaty with reservations, especially on Article X, which involved the power of the League of Nations to make war without a vote by the U.S.
  • The closest the Treaty came to passage was on November 19, 1919, as Lodge and his Republicans formed a coalition with the pro-Treaty Democrats and were close to a two-thirds majority for a Treaty with reservations.

• Republican Wars and Conquest

  • With this success in hand, they managed to bring together a coalition of several of Rome's enemies, but by 282 BCE, Rome finished off the last vestiges of Etruscan power in the region.
  • Continuing distrust led to the renewal of hostilities in the Second Punic War, when, in 218 BCE, Carthaginian commander Hannibal attacked a Spanish town with diplomatic ties to Rome.
  • Carthage never managed to recover after the Second Punic War, and the Third Punic War that followed was, in reality, a simple punitive mission to raze the city of Carthage to the ground.
  • Over the next several decades, Rome clashed with Macedon to protect their Greek allies throughout the First, Second, and Third Macedonian Wars.
  • Depiction of Hannibal and his army crossing the Alps during the Second Punic War.

• The British Strategy

  • Although the outbreak of the war had been preceded by years of angry diplomatic dispute, neither side was ready for war when it came.
  • Throughout the war, the British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies was the Earl of Bathurst.
  • Several months later, the U.S. launched a second invasion of Canada against the Niagara peninsula.
  • Once Britain and The Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon in 1814, France and Britain became allies.
  • After two years of warfare, the major causes of the war had disappeared.

• Events of the War

  • The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France on the other.
  • For the first time, aiming to curtail Britain and Prussia's ever-growing might, France formed a grand coalition of its own, which ended as Britain rose as the world's predominant power, altering the European balance of power.
  • In the historiography of some countries, the war is named after combatants in its respective theaters, e.g. the French and Indian War in the United States.
  • This turn of events has become known as "the Second Miracle of the House of Brandenburg."
  • Over the course of the war in colonies, Great Britain gained enormous areas of land and influence.