wage discrimination

Examples of wage discrimination in the following topics:

• Gender Discrimination

  • Gender discrimination refers to prejudice or discrimination based on gender, as well as conditions that foster stereotypes of gender roles.
  • Gender discrimination, also known as sexism, refers to prejudice or discrimination based on sex and/or gender, as well as conditions or attitudes that foster stereotypes of social roles based on gender.
  • There are several prominent ways in which gender discrimination continues to play a role in modern society.
  • Wage discrimination, the "glass ceiling" (in which gender is perceived to be a barrier to professional advancement), and sexual harassment in the workplace are all examples of occupational sexism.
  • Many also argue that the objectification of women, such as in pornography, also constitutes a form of gender discrimination.

• Labor Standards

  • In 1963, the act was amended to prohibit wage discrimination against women.
  • Congress adjusts the minimum wage periodically, although the issue often is politically contentious.
  • Some individual states set higher wage floors.
  • The Civil Rights Act of 1964 establishes that employers cannot discriminate in hiring or employment practices on the basis of race, sex, religion, and national origin (the law also prohibits discrimination in voting and housing).
  • The Age and Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 protects older workers against job discrimination.

• Discrimination Based on Sex and Gender

  • Sexism or gender discrimination is prejudice or discrimination based on a person's sex or gender.
  • One form of occupational sexism is wage discrimination.
  • According to the National Transgender Discrimination Survey, the combination of anti-transgender bias with structural and individual racism means that transgender people of color experience particularly high levels of discrimination.
  • This graph illustrates the median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by sex, race, and ethnicity in the U.S., 2009.
  • Describe the forms of gender-based discrimination that exist in society today

• Women as a Minority

  • Underlying this unequal treatment of women is sexism, which is discrimination based on sex -- in the context of a patriarchal society, discrimination against women in particular.
  • It should be noted that gender discrimination also ties in with race and class discrimination -- a concept known as "intersectionality," first named by feminist sociologist Kimberlé Crenshaw.
  • "Sociological research clearly shows that accounting for education, experience, and skill does not fully explain significant differences in labor market outcomes. " The three main domains on which we see the impact of intersectionality are wages, discrimination, and domestic labor.
  • Most studies have shown that people who fall into the bottom of the social hierarchy in terms of race or gender are more likely to receive lower wages, to be subjected to stereotypes and discriminated against, or be hired for exploitive domestic positions.
  • In 1979, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) for legal implementation of the Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.

• Compensation Differentials

  • One common source of differences in wage rates is human capital.
  • If the attractiveness of that area compared to other areas does not change, the wage rate will be set at such a rate that workers will be indifferent between living in areas that are more attractive but with a lower wage and living in areas which are more attractive with a higher wage.
  • In this way, a sustained equilibrium with different wage rates across different areas can occur.
  • In the United States, minorities and women make lower wages on average than Caucasian men.
  • Another source of differing wage rates, however, is discrimination.

• Legislation Protecting against Discrimination

  • Discrimination—treating specific groups of people unequally—is unethical behavior and is prohibited by several pieces of U.S. legislation.
  • Several pieces of legislation protect groups and individuals from discrimination in the United States.
  • The Equal Pay Act of 1963 is a United States federal law amending the Fair Labor Standards Act; it is aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex.
  • The law provides that no employer may discriminate between employees on the basis of sex by paying wages to employees of one sex lower than employees of the opposite sex for equal work, the performance of which requires equal skill, effort, and responsibility, and which is performed under similar working conditions.
  • Outline the legislative framework in the United States that actively protects employees against discrimination in the workplace

• Learning the Gender Gap

  • There is a debate as to what extent this is the result of gender differences, implicit discrimination due to lifestyle choices, or because of explicit discrimination.
  • If it is explicit discrimination, then the pay gap is a result of stereotypical beliefs, conscious or unconscious, from those who hire and set salaries.
  • In order to determine whether the gender gap is a result of implicit or explicit discrimination, we can look at the adjusted and unadjusted wage gap.
  • The total wage gap in the United States is 20.4 percent.
  • Statistical analysis that includes those variables has produced results that collectively account for between 65.1 and 76.4 percent of a raw gender wage gap of 20.4 percent, and thereby leave an adjusted gender wage gap that is between 4.8 and 7.1 percent. " Thus, only a relatively small part of the wage gap is due to explicit discrimination .

• Elasticity Conditions for Price Discrimination

  • An example of price discrimination would be the cost of movie tickets.
  • Industries use price discrimination as a way to increase revenue.
  • Price discrimination can also be based on age, location, desire for the product, and customer wage.
  • The pharmaceutical industry experiences international price discrimination.
  • Academic textbooks are another industry known for price discrimination.

• How Income is Allocated

  • Recent growth in overall income inequality has been driven mostly by increasing inequality in wages and salaries.
  • Recent growth in overall income inequality has been driven mostly by increasing inequality in wages and salaries.
  • Globalization has contributed to some portion of rising inequality as jobs have moved to lower wage geographies, placing downward pressure on wages of higher cost of living countries.
  • Discrimination and favoritism in the workplace has continued to limit advancement of minority groups and women, but evidence reveals that wage related impacts to marginalized groups diminish with the increase in educational attainment.
  • Government can also place regulations of hiring and firing practices to address issues such as discrimination.

• Employment Policy

  • Federal law establishes minimum wages and overtime rights for most workers in the private and public sectors; state and local laws may provide more expansive rights.
  • Federal and state laws protect workers from employment discrimination.
  • The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA) establishes minimum wage and overtime rights for most private sector workers, with a number of exemptions and exceptions.
  • Local governments have also adopted a number of "living wage" laws that require those employers that contract with them to pay higher minimum wages and benefits to their employees.
  • This graph of the minimum wage in the United States shows the fluctuation in government guarantees for minimum standards of labor.