voluntary

Examples of voluntary in the following topics:

• Neural Mechanisms (Cortex)

  • Voluntary respiration is any type of respiration that is under conscious control.
  • Voluntary respiration is important for the higher functions that involve air supply, such as voice control or blowing out candles.
  • The primary motor cortex is the neural center for voluntary respiratory control.
  • More broadly, the motor cortex is responsible for initiating any voluntary muscular movement.
  • Different parts of the cerebral cortex control different forms of voluntary respiration.

• Facilitating Private-Voluntary Associations

  • A second function of government is to facilitate private-voluntary associations.
  • A contract is a legally enforceable agreement, and government encourages private-voluntary associations chiefly through laws regarding contracts.
  • Without government, terms of voluntary associations would only be enforceable by the parties and their private associates, a messy and inefficient process at best.
  • Government thus allows voluntary associations on a scale otherwise impossible.

• Market Exchange and Efficiency

  • Under these conditions, from a utilitarian perspective, no one would rationally engage in a voluntary exchange if it made them worse off.
  • Therefore, any voluntary exchange must lead to Pareto superior results.
  • Since exchanges are perceived to be voluntary, no individual would choose to make themselves worse off.
  • Voluntary markets of goods with nonattenuated property rights are consistent with the Utilitarian Ethic and Pareto Efficiency.

• Introduction to Evaluating and Justifying Government

  • Some of our associations with government are voluntary, others are trusts, and still others are involuntary.
  • Through involuntary associations, government obtains most of the resources enabling it to induce people into voluntary associations with it.
  • The policeman is hired by government-as-contractor I; as an employee, his relationship with the government is a compound-voluntary association.
  • True, social contract theorists have argued that government is a voluntary association, as if it were a voluntary association, or ought to be a voluntary association.
  • A contract, like any other voluntary association, requires mutual consent of all the parties, not just a majority of them.

• Voluntary, Involuntary, and Trust Associations

  • Voluntary associations, a third type, are created by the exchange or transfer of inducements or expected inducements by mutual consent.
  • Although it is a trust association between the parents (jointly) and their children, it is a voluntary association between husband and wife.
  • Voluntary associations can be far larger than a family.
  • Four of the predominant institutions in modern America—corporations, labor unions, political parties, and churches—are basically voluntary associations.
  • Hence, the definition of voluntary associations is in terms of inducements or expected inducements.

• A Periodic Table of Associations

  • Private-Voluntary.
  • Compound-Voluntary.
  • Public-Voluntary.
  • Treaties are an example of voluntary associations between coequal, independent governments.
  • Within the US, public-voluntary associations often exist between two or more states.

• Defecation Reflex

  • Defecation is a combination of voluntary and involuntary processes with enough force to remove waste material from the digestive system.
  • In the adult human, the process of defecation is normally a combination of both voluntary and involuntary processes with enough force to remove waste material from the digestive system.
  • Once the voluntary signal to defecate is sent back from the brain, the final phase begins.

• Cooperation

  • There are three main types of cooperation: coerced, voluntary, and unintentional.
  • Voluntary cooperation is cooperation to which all parties consent.
  • An example of voluntary cooperation would be individuals opting to complete a group project for school when given the option of a group project or an individual project.
  • Compare the three types of cooperation (coerced, voluntary and unintentional) and why cooperation is necessary for social reality

• Comparing the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems

  • The peripheral nervous system includes both a voluntary, somatic branch and an involuntary division regulating visceral functions.
  • The somatic nervous system (SoNS) is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles.
  • The somatic nervous system controls all voluntary muscular systems within the body, and also mediates involuntary reflex arcs.

• Voluntary Exchange

  • Voluntary exchange is believed to increase the utility of the members of society.
  • Any voluntary exchange reflects the preferences of the parties to the exchange.
  • The problem arises as to what is meant by "voluntary."
  • Some actions, such as "duress" clearly violate the concept of voluntary.
  • "Voluntary" exchange is often a matter of degree.