involuntary

Examples of involuntary in the following topics:

• Introduction to the Four Functions of Governmen

  • The belief that all involuntary associations are bad is hard to refute.
  • For most people the general undesirability of private-involuntary associations (robber-victim, air polluter-victim) and of compound-involuntary ones (the Nazi extermination campaign against Jews, military conscription, arbitrary economic regulations) is implicit in the examples we have adduced.
  • One is tempted to tidy things up and conclude that public-involuntary associations are bad too.

• Introduction to Evaluating and Justifying Government

  • Our basic relationship with government is an involuntary association, and in this sense we are justified in saying that government is an involuntary association.
  • Some of our associations with government are voluntary, others are trusts, and still others are involuntary.
  • But the involuntary associations are fundamental.
  • The idea that government is basically an involuntary association is neither new nor generally rejected.
  • Various philosophies recognize that government is essentially an involuntary association.

• Involuntary Conversion

  • Involuntary conversion of assets occurs when disposal is due to unforeseen circumstances, such as theft or casualty.
  • The involuntary conversion of an asset occurs when an asset must be disposed of due to unforeseen circumstances, such as theft, casualty, or condemnation.
  • Unlike a voluntary sale, involuntary conversion of assets can involve an asset exchange for monetary or non-monetary assets .
  • An airplane manufacturer's involuntary conversion of a plane can result in a loss or gain on the income statement.
  • Explain how a company accounts for the involuntary conversion of an asset

• Nonverbal Communication

  • There are two types of nonverbal communication—voluntary and involuntary.
  • Involuntary nonverbal communication gives cues about what one is really thinking or feeling but may not be expressing in words.
  • There are many elements of involuntary body language that we use and experience commonly without being aware we are doing so.
  • Involuntary nonverbal communication can betray one's true beliefs, feelings, or motives.

• Justification of Government

  • The dilemma faced by those seeking to justify existence of government can be summarized as follows: It is not unreasonable to assume that all involuntary associations are bad; and government is basically an involuntary association.
  • Rather than denying that involuntary associations are always bad or that governments are involuntary associations, we need merely recognize that a world without any involuntary associations is impossible.
  • One function of government is to minimize private-involuntary associations.
  • Without government, these private-involuntary associations would proliferate.
  • Once one admits that a society without any involuntary associations is impossible, and that all involuntary associations are not equally bad, then the premise that all involuntary associations are bad does not automatically lead to the conclusion that government is unjustifiable.

• The Rule of Law

  • Government is a system for keeping the lid on problems posed by private-involuntary associations.
  • Government-as-bandit imposes sanctions on people in an unprincipled way, and all of the arguments against private-involuntary associations apply even more strongly when the bandit is government itself.
  • It follows that the only generally defensible involuntary associations are the public ones created by government-as-legislator.

• Neural Mechanisms (Respiratory Center)

  • Involuntary respiration is any form of respiratory control that is not under direct, conscious control.
  • Breathing is required to sustain life, so involuntary respiration allows it to happen when voluntary respiration is not possible, such as during sleep.
  • Involuntary respiration also has metabolic functions that work even when a person is conscious.
  • This region of the brain controls many involuntary and metabolic functions besides the respiratory system, including certain aspects of cardiovascular function and involuntary muscle movements (in the cerebellum).
  • Its main function is to control the rate or speed of involuntary respiration.

• Voluntary, Involuntary, and Trust Associations

  • An involuntary association is created by the unilateral imposition or the threat of sanctions.
  • A grossly involuntary association exists, for example, when the victim hands over his wallet in response to the robber's threats.
  • Air pollution exemplifies a more subtle involuntary association.
  • If the magnitude of the sanction is great enough to be perceived, then an association is created between the company and the people breathing the air and that association is involuntary.

• Abnormal Contractions of Skeletal Muscle

  • Involuntary muscle contractions are referred to as spasms, and can be due to abnormal activity of the nerve or the muscle.
  • In medicine, a spasm is a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle, a group of muscles, or a hollow organ, or a similarly sudden contraction of an orifice .
  • There are a variety of other causes of involuntary muscle contractions, which may be more serious, depending on the cause.

• Types of Muscle Tissue

  • Skeletal muscle is striated, multinucleate, and involuntary.
  • As an involuntary muscle, it propels substances along the internal passageways.
  • Although cardiac muscle is involuntary in nature, it is structurally different from smooth muscle.
  • The involuntary contraction of cardiac muscle is coordinated by the intercalated disks, so the entire heart beats in a controlled, uniform manner, ensuring that blood is efficiently pumped from the chambers.