Examples of observational learning in the following topics:
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- Observational learning occurs from watching, retaining, and replicating a behavior observed from a model.
- Observational learning, also referred to as modeling or social learning, occurs by observing, retaining, and replicating behavior seen in others.
- According to Bandura's social learning theory, four conditions, or steps, must be met in order for observational or social learning to occur:
- The theory of social learning states that behavior such as aggression is learned through observing and imitating others.
- Describe the conditions that must be met for observational learning to occur
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- The social-cognitive theory of personality emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual differences in personality.
- This means that an individual can learn from observing others, as opposed to only being able to learn from their own experiences.
- For example, researchers currently cannot find a connection between observational learning and self-efficacy within the social-cognitive perspective.
- Another limitation is that not all social learning can be directly observed.
- Because of this, the understanding of how a child learns through observation and how an adult learns through observation are not differentiated, and factors of development are not included.
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- Learning involves a change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience.
- There are three main types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
- Observational learning is just as it sounds: learning by observing others.
- Classical conditioning is a process by which we learn to associate events, or stimuli, that frequently happen together; as a result of this, we learn to anticipate events.
- Observational learning occurs through observing the behaviors of others and imitating those behaviors—even if there is no reinforcement at the time.
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- Latent learning occurs without any obvious conditioning or reinforcement of a behavior, illustrating a cognitive component to learning.
- Latent learning is a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response.
- This type of learning broke the constraints of behaviorism, which stated that processes must be directly observable and that learning was the direct consequence of conditioning to stimuli.
- Latent learning implies that learning can take place without any behavioral changes being immediately present.
- Latent learning can be a form of observational learning (i.e., learning derived from the observation of other people or events), though it can also occur independently of any observation.
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- Behaviorism focuses only on the objectively observable aspects of learning.
- The ELT model outlines two related approaches toward grasping experience: concrete experience and abstract conceptualization, as well as two related approaches toward transforming experience: reflective observation and active experimentation.
- These learning styles include:
- Divergers tend toward concrete experience and reflective observation.
- Assimilators are characterized by abstract conceptualization and reflective observation.
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- Experiential learning involves learning through reflection on doing; it is often contrasted with rote or didactic learning.
- Experiential learning is related to—though not fully synonymous with—experiential education, action learning, adventure learning, free-choice learning, cooperative learning, and service learning.
- An example of experiential learning is going to the zoo and observing and interacting with the zoo environment, as opposed to reading about animals in a book.
- To be truly effective, it should span goal-setting, experimenting and observing, reviewing, and planning future action.
- Learning through experiences requires observation, conceptualization, and experimentation to engage the mind.
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- This process involves setting goals, thinking, planning, experimentation, reflection, observation, and review.
- In addition, there are also two distinct modes of transforming the experience so that learning is achieved: reflective observation (intension) and active experimentation (extension) (Baker, Jensen, Kolb, 2002).
- The learners begin with a concrete experience, which then leads them to observe and reflect on their experience.
- Thus, if a learner is more comfortable perceiving new information in a concrete manner and actively experimenting during the processing of the experience, the learner must also undergo some abstract conceptualization and reflective observation in order to complete the cycle and lead to effective learning.
- Thus, a learner who experiments with models and manipulates them in the process of learning must also be able to conceptualize and form observations based on what s/he experiences.
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- Learning style is an individual's natural or habitual pattern of acquiring and processing information in learning situations.
- Auditory learning is a learning style in which a person learns through listening.
- Kinesthetic learning (also known as tactile learning) is a learning style in which learning takes place by the student carrying out a physical activity, rather than listening to a lecture or watching a demonstration.
- Experiential learning is the process of making meaning from direct experience, i.e., "learning from experience. " Experiential learning focuses on the learning process for the individual.
- An example of experiential learning is going to the zoo and learning through observation and interaction with the zoo environment, as opposed to reading about animals from a book.
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- "Action learning is defined as an approach to working with, and developing people, which uses work on a real project or problem as the way to learn.Participants work in small groups or teams to take action to solve their project or problem, and learn how to learn from that action.A learning coach works with the group in order to help them learn how to balance their work, with the learning from that work (O'Neil, 2000, p.44). "
- A learning coach is designated for each group.Together, the learning coaches also form a group.
- Is a cyclic process involving setting goals, thinking, planning, experimenting and making decisions, and finally action, followed by observing, reflecting and reviewing
- Experiential learning theory is most effective when the learning has intrinsic motivation which is a common characteristic in adult learning
- They are Action Learning, Experiential Learning, Self-Directed Learning, and Project-Based Learning.
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- Children must also develop metacognition, or the ability to learn how to learn.
- Learning how to integrate prior knowledge and learning how to learn should be a part of the classroom experience and should be facilitated by the teacher.
- Some of these ways are inclusive of discovery learning, group learning, hands on learning, distance learning, and independent study.
- The outcome of this instruction may be directly observable and scientifically measured or completely hidden and assumed.
- Gagné defined instruction as "the set of planned external events which influence the process of learning and thus promote learning. " According to Gagné, learning occurs in a series of learning events.