vegetative reproduction

Examples of vegetative reproduction in the following topics:

• Asexual Reproduction in Plants

  • Plants can reproduce asexually, without the fertilization of gametes, by either vegetative reproduction or apomixis.
  • Plants have two main types of asexual reproduction: vegetative reproduction and apomixis.
  • Vegetative reproduction results in new plant individuals without the production of seeds or spores.
  • Many different types of roots exhibit vegetative reproduction .
  • This method of reproduction is known as apomixis.

• Plant Reproductive Development and Structure

  • Plant sexual reproduction usually depends on pollinating agents, while asexual reproduction is independent of these agents.
  • Vegetative reproduction is a type of asexual reproduction.
  • Other terms that apply are vegetative propagation, clonal growth, or vegetative multiplication.
  • Vegetative growth is enlargement of the individual plant, while vegetative reproduction is any process that results in new plant "individuals" without production of seeds or spores.
  • The flower is the reproductive organ of plants classified as angiosperms.

• Fungi Cell Structure and Function

  • The vegetative body of a fungus is a unicellular or multicellular thallus.
  • They display two distinct morphological stages: the vegetative and reproductive.
  • The vegetative stage consists of a tangle of slender thread-like structures called hyphae (singular, hypha), whereas the reproductive stage can be more conspicuous.

• Ascomycota: The Sac Fungi

  • Conidia and asci, which are used respectively for asexual and sexual reproductions, are usually separated from the vegetative hyphae by blocked (non-perforated) septa.
  • Asexual reproduction is frequent and involves the production of conidiophores that release haploid conidiospores .
  • Sexual reproduction starts with the development of special hyphae from either one of two types of mating strains .
  • During sexual reproduction, thousands of asci fill a fruiting body called the ascocarp.

• Fungi Reproduction

  • Yet others bud off the vegetative parent cell.
  • Sexual reproduction introduces genetic variation into a population of fungi.
  • In fungi, sexual reproduction often occurs in response to adverse environmental conditions.
  • Although there are many variations in fungal sexual reproduction, all include the following three stages .
  • Fungi may utilize both asexual and sexual stages of reproduction; sexual reproduction often occurs in response to adverse environmental conditions.

• Zygomycota: The Conjugated Fungi

  • They include the familiar bread mold, Rhizopus stolonifer, which rapidly propagates on the surfaces of breads, fruits, and vegetables.
  • Zygomycetes have a thallus of coenocytic hyphae in which the nuclei are haploid when the organism is in the vegetative stage.
  • Sexual reproduction starts when conditions become unfavorable.
  • This form of sexual reproduction in fungi is called conjugation (although it differs markedly from conjugation in bacteria and protists), giving rise to the name "conjugated fungi".

• Genetic Control of Flowers

  • the apical meristem must transform from a vegetative meristem into a floral meristem or inflorescence
  • From a genetic perspective, two phenotypic changes that control vegetative and floral growth are programmed in the plant.
  • The first genetic change involves the switch from the vegetative to the floral state.
  • Mature flowers aid in reproduction for the plant.
  • In order to achieve reproduction, the plant must become sexually mature, the apical meristem must become a floral meristem, and the flower must develop its individual reproductive organs.

• Fats & Oils

  • Since fats are valued over oils by some Northern European and North American populations, vegetable oils are extensively converted to solid triglycerides (e.g.
  • The hydrogenation of vegetable oils to produce semisolid products has had unintended consequences.
  • Although the hydrogenation imparts desirable features such as spreadability, texture, "mouth feel," and increased shelf life to naturally liquid vegetable oils, it introduces some serious health problems.
  • These unnatural trans-fats appear to to be associated with increased heart disease, cancer, diabetes and obesity, as well as immune response and reproductive problems.

• Evolution of Land Plants

  • The evolution of plants occurred by a gradual development of novel structures and reproduction mechanisms .
  • The extinct vascular plants, classified as zosterophylls and trimerophytes, most probably lacked true leaves and roots, forming low vegetation mats similar in size to modern-day mosses, although some trimetophytes could reach one meter in height.
  • This luxuriant vegetation helped enrich the atmosphere in oxygen, making it easier for air-breathing animals to colonize dry land.
  • The adaptation of plants to life on land occurred gradually through the stepwise development of physical structures and reproduction mechanisms

• Endospores

  • An endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria from the Firmicute phylum.
  • When the environment becomes more favorable, the endospore can reactivate itself to the vegetative state.
  • Sporulation is now complete, and the mature endospore will be released when the surrounding vegetative cell is degraded.
  • An indirect way to destroy them is to place them in an environment that reactivates them to their vegetative state.
  • A stained preparation of Bacillus subtilis showing endospores as green and the vegetative cell as red.