Examples of unit-treatment additivity in the following topics:
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- Kempthorne and his students make an assumption of unit-treatment additivity.
- In its simplest form, the assumption of unit-treatment additivity states that the observed response from the experimental unit when receiving treatment can be written as the sum of the unit's response $y_i$ and the treatment-effect $t_j$, or
- The assumption of unit-treatment additivity implies that for every treatment $j$, the $j$th treatment has exactly the same effect $t_j$ on every experiment unit.
- The assumption of unit-treatment additivity usually cannot be directly falsified; however, many consequences of unit-treatment additivity can be falsified.
- For a randomized experiment, the assumption of unit-treatment additivity implies that the variance is constant for all treatments.
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- Paired-samples $t$-tests typically consist of a sample of matched pairs of similar units, or one group of units that has been tested twice.
- A paired difference test uses additional information about the sample that is not present in an ordinary unpaired testing situation, either to increase the statistical power or to reduce the effects of confounders.
- Paired samples $t$-tests typically consist of a sample of matched pairs of similar units, or one group of units that has been tested twice (a "repeated measures" $t$-test).
- A typical example of the repeated measures t-test would be where subjects are tested prior to a treatment, say for high blood pressure, and the same subjects are tested again after treatment with a blood-pressure lowering medication .
- Pairs become individual test units, and the sample has to be doubled to achieve the same number of degrees of freedom.
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- In this example, there is no interaction between the two treatments — their effects are additive.
- In contrast, if the average responses as in are observed, then there is an interaction between the treatments — their effects are not additive.
- A table showing no interaction between the two treatments — their effects are additive.
- A table showing an interaction between the treatments — their effects are not additive.
- Outline the problems that can arise when the simultaneous influence of two variables on a third is not additive.
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- In the design of experiments, the experimenter is often interested in the effect of some process or intervention (the "treatment") on some objects (the "experimental units"), which may be people, parts of people, groups of people, plants, animals, etc.
- Comparisons between treatments are much more valuable and are usually preferable.
- Often one compares against a scientific control or traditional treatment that acts as baseline.
- Blocking: Blocking is the arrangement of experimental units into groups (blocks) consisting of units that are similar to one another.
- To control for nuisance variables, researchers institute control checks as additional measures.
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- Both Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson are criticized for their treatment of African-Americans during their tenures as president.
- Both Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson are criticized for their treatment of African-Americans during their time as president.
- For Roosevelt, who was president from 1901-1909, the Brownsville Affair especially aroused criticism of his treatment of African-Americans.
- In addition to their loyalty to the party of Abraham Lincoln, blacks noted that Roosevelt had invited Booker T.
- Wilson kept the U.S. military segregated during World War I, and frequently kept African-American units out of combat.
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- For example, a study conducted by Holbrook, Crowther, Lotter, Cheng and King in 2000 investigated the effectiveness of benzodiazepine for the treatment of insomnia.
- When the dependent variable is measured on a ratio scale, it is often informative to consider the proportional difference between means in addition to the absolute difference.
- That is, since the dependent variable is standardized, the original units are replaced by standardized units and are interpretable even if the original scale units do not have clear meaning.
- It is more meaningful to say that the means were 0.87 standard deviations apart than 1.47 scale units apart since the scale units are not well defined.
- This standardized difference in effect size occurs even though the effectiveness of the treatment is exactly the same in the two experiments.
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- While RAD is likely to occur in relation to neglectful and abusive treatment, automatic diagnoses on this basis alone cannot be made, as children can form stable attachments and social relationships despite marked abuse and neglect.
- In addition, the disturbance cannot be accounted for solely by developmental delay and does not meet the criteria for pervasive developmental disorder or autism spectrum disorder.
- Assessing the child's safety is an essential first step that determines whether future intervention can take place in the family unit or whether the child should be removed to a safe situation.
- Mainstream treatment and prevention programs that target RAD and other problematic early attachment behaviors are based on attachment theory.
- Summarize the diagnostic criteria, etiology, and treatment of reactive attachment disorder
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- Placebo-controlled studies are a way of testing a medical therapy in which, in addition to a group of subjects that receives the treatment to be evaluated, a separate control group receives a sham "placebo" treatment which is specifically designed to have no real effect.
- The purpose of the placebo group is to account for the placebo effect -- that is, effects from treatment that do not depend on the treatment itself.
- Such factors include knowing one is receiving a treatment, attention from health care professionals, and the expectations of a treatment's effectiveness by those running the research study.
- Thus, the relevant question when assessing a treatment is not "does the treatment work?
- " but "does the treatment work better than a placebo treatment, or no treatment at all?
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- It reduces the course of treatment needed (and time in the hospital), and improves the function and appearance of the area of the body which receives the skin graft.
- In addition to allowing for drainage, this allows the graft to both stretch and cover a larger area as well as to more closely approximate the contours of the recipient area.
- A vacuum unit then creates negative pressure, sealing the edges of the wound to the foam, and drawing out excess blood and fluids.
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- Women have had to fight for equal treatment in politics in the United States by winning the right to vote and a seat at the political table.
- This section will trace the historical development of women achieving the right to vote and will then consider recent developments as women have achieved political power as representatives, in addition to being members of the voting public.
- In other words, "women" are supposed to have certain political priorities (usually those having to do with children and education) that unite all women as a voting bloc, or a group of individuals who tend to vote in the same way.
- As such, one will see organizations uniting the female demographic and political priorities, such as "Women for Obama" or "Women for Romney. "
- Infer, from the historical struggle for womens' equal treatment in politics, why gender stereotypes and barriers to equal political participation still exist in the United States