Examples of the taille in the following topics:
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- The taxation system under the Ancien Régime largely excluded the nobles and the clergy from taxation while the commoners, particularly the peasantry, paid disproportionately high direct taxes.
- The taille -
a direct land tax on the peasantry and non-nobles -
became a major source of royal income.
- Exempted from the taille were clergy and nobles (except for non-noble lands they held in "pays d'état;" see below), officers of the crown, military personnel, magistrates, university professors and students, and certain cities ("villes franches") such as Paris.
- Although exempted from the taille, the church was required to pay the crown a tax called the "free gift," which it collected from its office holders, at roughly 1/20 the price of the office.
- In the decades leading to the French Revolution, peasants paid a land tax to the state (the taille) and a 5% property tax (the vingtième; see below).
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- The Ancien Régime was the social and political system functioning in the Kingdom of France from the 15th until the end of the 18th centuries that was based on the rigid division of the society into three disproportionate and unequally treated classes.
- The Ancien Régime (Old Regime or Former Regime) was the social and political system established in the Kingdom of France from approximately the 15th century until the latter part of the 18th century under the late Valois and Bourbon dynasties.
- The Second Estate constituted approximately 1.5% of France's population and were exempt from the corvée royale (forced labor on the roads) and from most other forms of taxation such as the gabelle (salt tax) and most important, the taille (the oldest form of direct taxation).
- In addition, the First and Second Estates relied on the labor of the Third, which made the latter's unequal status all the more unjust.
- Describe the structure of the Ancien
Régime
and the societal rules at play.
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- Despite some attempts to weaken the position of the nobility, Louis XV met with avid resistance and largely failed to reform the system that privileged the aristocracy.
- However, the ongoing wars, the panoply of Versailles, and the growing civil administration required a great deal of money and finance was always the weak spot in the French monarchy.
- Eventually, the twentieth became a mere increase in the already existing taille, the most important direct tax of the monarchy from which privileged classes were exempted.
- As a result of these attempts at reform, the Parlement of Paris, using the quarrel between the clergy and the Jansenists as a pretext, addressed remonstrances to the king in April 1753.
- In the political system of pre-Revolutionary France, the nobility made up the Second Estate (with the Catholic clergy comprising the First Estate and the bourgeoisie and peasants in the Third Estate).
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- During his reign, France fought three major wars: the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession.
- There were also two lesser conflicts: the War of Devolution and the War of the Reunions.
- To support the reorganized and enlarged army, the panoply of Versailles, and the growing civil administration, the king needed more money.
- By the middle of the 18th century, France had the most modern and extensive road network in the world.
- Eventually, the twentieth became a mere increase in the already existing taille,
the most important direct tax of the monarchy from which privileged classes
were exempted.
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- The forearm contains two bones—the radius
and the ulna—that extend in parallel from the elbow, where they articulate with
the humerus to the wrist, where they articulate with the carpals.
- The space
between the two bones is spanned by the interosseous membrane.
- The cornoid process, together with the olecranon, forms the trochlear notch where it articulates with
the trochlea of the humerus.
- Laterally to the trochlear notch lies the radial
notch, which articulates with the head of the radius to form the proximal
radioulnar joint.
- Distally the radius expands, medially the
ulnar notch articulates with the head of the ulnar.
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- The humerus is the largest and longest bone of the upper limb and the only bone of the arm.
- The pelvis joins together in the anterior of the body the pubic symphysis joint and with the bones of the sacrum at the posterior of the body.
- The lower limbs consists of the thigh, the leg, and the foot.
- The tarsals are the seven bones of the ankle, which transmits the weight of the body from the tibia and the fibula to the foot.
- The metatarsals are the five bones of the foot, while the phalanges are the 14 bones of the toes .
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- The orbit is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated.
- To the rear of the orbit, the optic foramen opens into the optical
canal through which
the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery pass.
- The frontal bone forms the superior border of the orbital rim and also the
superior wall (roof) of the orbital surface.
- The zygomatic bone forms the
lateral (and half of the basal) border of the orbital rim, and also the lateral
wall of the orbital surface—this is the thickest region of the orbit as it is
most exposed to external trauma.
- Finally, the
sphenoid bone forms the posterior wall of the orbit and also contributes to the formation
of the optic canal.
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- The ischium forms the lower and posterior portion of the hip bones of the pelvis.
- The ischium forms the lower and back part of the hip bone .
- The inferior ramus of the ischium is thin and flattened and ascends from the superior ramus of the ischium to join the inferior ramus of the pubis.
- The ischium is located below the ilium and behind the pubis.
- The ischium is labeled at the bottom left of the ilium.
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- The ascending aorta is the first portion of the aorta; it includes the aortic sinuses, the bulb of the aorta, and the sinotubular junction.
- The ascending aorta is a portion of the aorta beginning at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum; it passes diagonally upward, forward, and to the right, in the direction of the heart's axis, as high as the upper border of the second right costal cartilage.
- The aortic root is the portion of the ascending aorta beginning at the aortic annulus, the fibrous attachment between the heart and the aorta, and extending to the sinotubular junction.
- The ascending aorta is covered at its beginning by the trunk of the pulmonary artery and, higher up, is separated from the sternum by the pericardium, the right pleura, the anterior margin of the right lung, some loose areolar tissue, and the remains of the thymus.
- The aorta has three parts: the ascending, the arch and the descending.
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- The pituitary gland consists of the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary.
- The pituitary gland consists of two components: the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary, and is functionally linked to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk (also named the infundibular stem, or simply the infundibulum).
- Whilst the pituitary gland is known as the master endocrine gland, both of the lobes are under the control of the hypothalamus: the anterior pituitary receives its signals from the parvocellular neurons, and the posterior pituitary receives its signals from magnocellular neurons.
- The anterior lobe of the pituitary receives
hypothalamic-releasing hormones from the hypothalamus that bind with receptors on endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary that regulate the release of adrenal hormones into the circulatory system.
- The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland develops as an extension of the hypothalamus.