the gabelle

(noun)

A very unpopular tax on salt in France that was established during the mid-14th century and lasted, with brief lapses and revisions, until 1946. Because all French citizens needed salt (for use in cooking, for preserving food, for making cheese and for raising livestock), the tax propagated extreme regional disparities in salt prices and stood as one of the most hated and grossly unequal forms of revenue generation in the country’s history.

Related Terms

Examples of the gabelle in the following topics:

  • The Ancien Regime

    • The Ancien Régime was the social and political system functioning in the Kingdom of France from the 15th until the end of the 18th centuries that was based on the rigid division of the society into three disproportionate and unequally treated classes.
    • The Ancien Régime (Old Regime or Former Regime) was the social and political system established in the Kingdom of France from approximately the 15th century until the latter part of the 18th century under the late Valois and Bourbon dynasties.
    • The Second Estate constituted approximately 1.5% of France's population and were exempt from the corvée royale (forced labor on the roads) and from most other forms of taxation such as the gabelle (salt tax) and most important, the taille (the oldest form of direct taxation).
    • In addition, the First and Second Estates relied on the labor of the Third, which made the latter's unequal status all the more unjust.
    • Describe the structure of the Ancien Régime and the societal rules at play.

  • Ulna and Radius (The Forearm)

    • The forearm contains two bones—the radius and the ulna—that extend in parallel from the elbow, where they articulate with the humerus to the wrist, where they articulate with the carpals.
    • The space between the two bones is spanned by the interosseous membrane.
    • The cornoid process, together with the olecranon, forms the trochlear notch where it articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.
    • Laterally to the trochlear notch lies the radial notch, which articulates with the head of the radius to form the proximal radioulnar joint.
    • Distally the radius expands, medially the ulnar notch articulates with the head of the ulnar.

  • Human Appendicular Skeleton

    • The humerus is the largest and longest bone of the upper limb and the only bone of the arm.
    • The pelvis joins together in the anterior of the body the pubic symphysis joint and with the bones of the sacrum at the posterior of the body.
    • The lower limbs consists of the thigh, the leg, and the foot.
    • The tarsals are the seven bones of the ankle, which transmits the weight of the body from the tibia and the fibula to the foot.
    • The metatarsals are the five bones of the foot, while the phalanges are the 14 bones of the toes .

  • Orbits

    • The orbit is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated.
    • To the rear of the orbit, the optic foramen opens into the optical canal through which the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery pass.
    • The frontal bone forms the superior border of the orbital rim and also the superior wall (roof) of the orbital surface.
    • The zygomatic bone forms the lateral (and half of the basal) border of the orbital rim, and also the lateral wall of the orbital surface—this is the thickest region of the orbit as it is most exposed to external trauma.
    • Finally, the sphenoid bone forms the posterior wall of the orbit and also contributes to the formation of the optic canal.

  • Ischium

    • The ischium forms the lower and posterior portion of the hip bones of the pelvis.
    • The ischium forms the lower and back part of the hip bone .
    • The inferior ramus of the ischium is thin and flattened and ascends from the superior ramus of the ischium to join the inferior ramus of the pubis.
    • The ischium is located below the ilium and behind the pubis.
    • The ischium is labeled at the bottom left of the ilium.

  • Ascending Aorta

    • The ascending aorta is the first portion of the aorta; it includes the aortic sinuses, the bulb of the aorta, and the sinotubular junction.
    • The ascending aorta is a portion of the aorta beginning at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum; it passes diagonally upward, forward, and to the right, in the direction of the heart's axis, as high as the upper border of the second right costal cartilage.
    • The aortic root is the portion of the ascending aorta beginning at the aortic annulus, the fibrous attachment between the heart and the aorta, and extending to the sinotubular junction.
    • The ascending aorta is covered at its beginning by the trunk of the pulmonary artery and, higher up, is separated from the sternum by the pericardium, the right pleura, the anterior margin of the right lung, some loose areolar tissue, and the remains of the thymus.
    • The aorta has three parts: the ascending, the arch and the descending.

  • Control of the Pituitary Gland by the Hypothalamus

    • The pituitary gland consists of the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary.
    • The pituitary gland consists of two components: the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary, and is functionally linked to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk (also named the infundibular stem, or simply the infundibulum).
    • Whilst the pituitary gland is known as the master endocrine gland, both of the lobes are under the control of the hypothalamus: the anterior pituitary receives its signals from the parvocellular neurons, and the posterior pituitary receives its signals from magnocellular neurons.
    • The anterior lobe of the pituitary receives hypothalamic-releasing hormones from the hypothalamus that bind with receptors on endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary that regulate the release of adrenal hormones into the circulatory system.
    • The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland develops as an extension of the hypothalamus.

  • Neurulation

    • Following gastrulation, the neurulation process develops the neural tube in the ectoderm, above the notochord of the mesoderm.
    • Neurulation is the formation of the neural tube from the ectoderm of the embryo.
    • During gastrulation cells migrate to the interior of the embryo, forming the three germ layers: the endoderm (the deepest layer), the mesoderm (the middle layer), and the ectoderm (the surface layer) from which all tissues and organs will arise.
    • In a simplified way, it can be said that the ectoderm gives rise to skin and the nervous system, the endoderm to the intestinal organs, and the mesoderm to the rest of the organs.
    • By the end of the fourth week of gestation, the open ends of the neural tube (the neuropores) close off.

  • Bilaminar Embryonic Disc Development

    • The floor of the amniotic cavity is formed by the embryonic disc.
    • The embryonic disc is derived from the epiblast layer, which lies between the hypoblast layer and the amnion.
    • The epiblast forms the floor of the amniotic cavity and is continuous with the amnion.
    • The hypoblast forms the roof of the exocoelomic cavity and is continuous with the thin exocoelomic membrane.
    • Through the through the process of neurulation, the notochord induces the formation of the notochord in the embryonic disc.

  • Tibia and Fibula (The Leg)

    • The tibia and the smaller fibula bones comprise the lower leg and articulate at the knee and ankle.
    • The tibia and fibula are the two bones of the lower leg.
    • The tibia, or shin bone, spans the lower leg, articulating proximally with the femur and patella at the knee joint, and distally with the tarsal bones, to form the ankle joint.
    • Proximally, the fibula head articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia, and the biceps femoris attaches to the fibula head.
    • As with the tibia, the shaft of the fibula is triangular and numerus muscles are involved in the extension and flexion of the foot.