Examples of the Flour War in the following topics:
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- Following the Seven Years' War and the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756, Empress Maria Theresa decided to end hostilities with her longtime enemy, King Louis XV of France.
- France's alliance with Austria had pulled the country into the disastrous Seven Years' War, in which it was defeated by the British, both in Europe and in North America.
- Marie Antoinette's first child, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte, was born in 1778 but in the middle of the queen's pregnancy, her brother made claims on the throne of Bavaria (the War of the Bavarian Succession).
- The two helped George Washington in defeating the British in the American Revolutionary War, which ended in 1783.
- By the time of the Flour War of 1775, a series of riots against the high price of flour and bread, her reputation among the general public was damaged.
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- The alliance with Austria had pulled France into the disastrous Seven Years' War, in which it was defeated by the British, both in Europe and in North America.
- By the time of the Flour War of 1775, a series of riots against the high price of flour and bread, her reputation among the general public was damaged.
- In 1778, her brother and the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II made claims on the throne
of Bavaria (the War of the Bavarian Succession).
- During the Kettle War, in which her brother Joseph attempted to open the Scheldt River for naval passage, Marie Antoinette succeeded in obtaining a huge financial compensation to Austria.
- France's financial problems were the result of a combination of factors: expensive wars; a large royal family whose expenditures were paid for by the state; and the unwillingness of the privileged classes to help defray the costs of the government out of their own pockets by relinquishing some of their financial privileges.
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- At the time, the government was deeply in debt and resentment of monarchy was on the rise.
- While the later years of Louis XV's reign saw serious economic setbacks and the Seven Years' War (1756–1763) led to an increase in the royal debt and the loss of nearly all of France's North American possessions, it was not until 1775 that the French economy began truly to enter a state of crisis.
- He suppressed, however, a number of octrois (a local tax collected on various articles brought into a district for consumption)
and minor duties and opposed, on grounds of economy, the participation of France in the American Revolutionary War, although without success.
- The so-called Flour War of 1775, or a series of riots against
the high price of flour and bread, followed.
- When Necker was criticized by his enemies for the Compte rendu, he made public his 'Financial Summary for the King', which appeared to show that France had fought the war in America, paid no new taxes and still had a massive credit of 10 million livres of revenue.
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- Though the United States borrowed significantly from Europe's technological advancements during the Industrial Revolution, several great American inventions emerged at the turn of the 19th century greatly impacting manufacturing, communications, transportation, and commercial agriculture.
- In the 1780s, Oliver Evans improved upon traditional gristmills by developing an automated flour mill, which allowed for efficient bulk processing of flour.
- Evans' system for handling bulk material became widely used in flour mills and breweries during the 19th century and is among the innovations credited with the development of the assembly line.
- In the early 1830s, Cyrus McCormick's horse-drawn mechanical reaper allowed farmers in the West to harvest great quantities of wheat, leading for the first time to great crop surpluses.
- With the proliferation of new canal routes in the 1820s and 1830s, steamboat technology was crucial to domestic freight shipments in the United States.
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- The development of machine tools greatly increased the efficiency and productivity of factories and mills in the early 19th century.
- In the 1780s, Oliver Evans developed an automated flour mill which relied on pulleys, elevators, and conveyor belts, improving upon traditional gristmills.
- Interchangeability of parts was achieved by combining a number of innovations developed for textile machinery, including the invention of new machine tools and jigs, for guiding the cutting tool, fixtures for holding the work in the proper position, and blocks and gauges to check the accuracy of the finished parts.
- The Waltham-Lowell system became a template for manufacturing in the textile industry.
- Evans' automated flour mill featured labor-saving elevators, pulleys and belts, an improvement on traditional gristmills.
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- Meat and bread were also in short supply, and soldiers often
supplemented or replaced meals with items such as “firecakes” (a tasteless
mixture of water and flour) or “pepper pot soup” (a black pepper flavored tripe
broth).
- Although Washington repeatedly petitioned for relief, the Continental Congress was unable to provide supplemental supplies due to their inability to efficiently coordinate funding and war support from among the 13 states.
- These women gained half the rations and wages of a soldier, as well as a half pension after the war.
- On
February 6, 1778, the French signed an alliance treaty with the 13 colonies,
which greatly enhanced the military and monetary support the Continental Army
needed to continue the war effort.
- Following
France’s entry into the war, British Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton was
ordered to leave Philadelphia and move to New York City, which was under threat
by the French navy.
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- The city was the home of the First and Second Banks of the United States and the first U.S.
- Philadelphia's maritime trade was interrupted by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812.
- After the war, Philadelphia's shipping industry never returned to its pre-embargo status, and New York City succeeded it as the busiest port and largest city.
- Thanks to the milling technology of Oliver Evans, Baltimore dominated the American flour trade after 1800.
- Despite the displacement of the black labor force with the arrival of German and Irish immigrants, and increasing poverty in the black community, Baltimore had the largest number of free blacks in the nation on the eve of the Civil War.
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- The Industrial Revolution, which reached the United States by the 1800s, strongly influenced social and economic conditions.
- The Industrial Revolution began in the United Kingdom, and mechanized textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe and the United States in the early nineteenth century.
- In the 1780s, Oliver Evans invented an automated flour mill that eventually displaced traditional gristmills.
- Evans's system for handling bulk material became widely used in flour mills and breweries during the nineteenth century and is among the innovations credited with the development of the assembly line.
- In the two centuries following the 1800s, the world's average per capita income increased more than tenfold, while the world's population increased more than sixfold.
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- Packaged goods are tangible and are consumed in one or a few uses, such as in the case of beer, soap, or fuel.
- Good examples include: cigarettes, alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and even some over-the-counter drugs.
- Examples in B2B include: buildings, flour purchased by a commercial baker, crude oil, steel for automobile manufacture, insurance policies for company buildings, and business consulting services.
- Business-to-customer (B2C) products refer to goods that individual customers purchase for personal and family use, such as passenger cars, hairdryers, TVs, medical insurance policies, and carpet cleaning services for the home.
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- In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process, called substrates, are converted into different molecules, called products .
- Like all catalysts, enzymes work by lowering the activation energy for a reaction, thus dramatically increasing the rate of the reaction.
- In baking, they catalyze the breakdown of starch in the flour to sugar.
- Proteases are used by biscuit manufacturers to lower the protein level of flour.
- Lipasesare implemented during the production of Roquefort cheese to enhance the ripening of the blue-mold cheese.