smooth

Examples of smooth in the following topics:

• Types of Muscle Tissue

  • There are three kinds of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
  • Smooth muscle is named because it does not have any striations.
  • The individual smooth muscle fibers are spindle shaped and contain a centrally located nucleus.
  • Smooth muscle is found in the walls of the hollow organs.
  • Although cardiac muscle is involuntary in nature, it is structurally different from smooth muscle.

• Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

  • The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
  • Unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is not under conscious control.
  • Cardiac and skeletal muscle are both striated in appearance, while smooth muscle is not.
  • Both cardiac and smooth muscle are involuntary while skeletal muscle is voluntary.
  • Differentiate among the structure and location of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles

• Adrenergic Neurons and Receptors

  • Smooth muscle behavior is variable depending on anatomical location.
  • One important note is the differential effects of increased cAMP in smooth muscle compared to cardiac muscle.
  • Increased cAMP will promote relaxation in smooth muscle, while promoting increased contractility and pulse rate in cardiac muscle.
  • Specific actions of the α1 receptor mainly involve smooth muscle contraction.
  • Other areas of smooth muscle contraction are as follows:

• Local Regulation of Blood Flow

  • Blood flow is regulated locally in the arterioles and capillaries using smooth muscle contraction, hormones, oxygen, and changes in pH.
  • Blood flow is regulated by vasoconstriction or vasodilation of smooth muscle fibers in the walls of blood vessels, typically arterioles.
  • Arterioles contain smooth muscle fibers in their tunica media which allows for fine control of their diameter.
  • Local responses to stretch, carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen also influence smooth muscle tone and thus vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

• Muscle Tissues and Nervous Tissues

  • There are three types of muscle in animal bodies: smooth, skeletal, and cardiac.
  • Smooth muscle cells have a single, centrally-located nucleus and are spindle shaped.
  • Smooth muscle tissue is also called non-striated as it lacks the banded appearance of skeletal and cardiac muscle .
  • Contractions of smooth muscle move food through the digestive tracts and push blood through the blood vessels.
  • Smooth muscle cells do not have striations, while skeletal muscle cells do.

• Structure and Function of the Muscular System

  • Smooth muscle tissue is found associated with numerous other organs and tissue systems such as the digestive system or respiratory system.
  • Smooth muscle is non-striated, although it contains the same myofilaments they are just organised differently, and involuntary.
  • Smooth muscle myocytes are spindle shaped with a single centrally located nucleus.
  • The body contains three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle, visualized here using light microscopy.
  • Visible striations in skeletal and cardiac muscle are visible, differentiating them from the more randomised appearance of smooth muscle.

• Texture

  • It is possible for an artwork to contain numerous visual textures, yet still remain smooth to the touch.
  • Take for example Realist or Illusionist works, which rely on the heavy use of paint and varnish, yet maintain an utterly smooth surface.
  • In Jan Van Eyck's painting "The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin" we can notice a great deal of texture in the clothing and robes especially, while the surface of the work remains very smooth .
  • The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin has a great deal of texture in the clothing and robes, but the actual surface of the work is very smooth.

• Vascular Spasm

  • Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the smooth muscle wall of the vessels, particularly in the large arteries and small arterioles.
  • The vasoconstriction response is triggered by factors such as a direct injury to vascular smooth muscle, signaling molecules released by injured endothelial cells and activated platelets (such as thromboxane A2), and nervous system reflexes initiated by local pain receptors.
  • Smooth muscle in the vessel wall goes through intense contractions that constrict the vessel.
  • Blood vessel experiencing vasoconstriction as its smooth muscle contracts while the blood clot forms.

• From histograms to continuous distributions

  • In this last plot, the bins are so slim that the hollow histogram is starting to resemble a smooth curve.
  • This smooth curve represents a probability density function (also called a density or distribution), and such a curve is shown in Figure 2.28 overlaid on a histogram of the sample.

• Short-Term Chemical Control

  • The mechanism that leads to vasoconstriction results from the increased concentration of calcium (Ca2+ ions) and phosphorylated myosin within vascular smooth muscle cells.
  • Vasodilation refers to the widening of blood vessels resulting from relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls, particularly in the large veins, large arteries, and smaller arterioles.
  • Some physiologists have suggested it is the lack of oxygen itself which causes capillary beds to vasodilate by the smooth muscle hypoxia of the vessels in the region.
  • As with vasoconstriction vasodilation is modulated by calcium ion concentration and myosin phosphorylation within vascular smooth muscle cells.
  • Dephosphorylation by myosin light-chain phosphatase and induction of calcium symportersand antiporters that pump calcium ions out of the intracellular compartment both contribute to smooth muscle cell relaxation and therefore vasodilation.