sickle

Examples of sickle in the following topics:

• Sickle-Cell Disease

  • Sickle-cell disease is an autosomal recessive genetic blood disorder in which red blood cells assume a rigid sickle shape.
  • Sickle-cell disease (SCD), or sickle-cell anemia, is an autosomal recessive genetic blood disorder with overdominance characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, and sickle shape.
  • Sickle cell can be diagnosed by a blood test.
  • Some exhibit the normal donut-shaped morphology while others exhibit the sickle shape characteristic of those with sickle-cell trait or sickle-cell disease.
  • The inset image shows a cross-section of a sickle cell with abnormal (sickle) hemoglobin forming abnormal strands.

• Race and Ethnicity

  • Also, sickle-cell anemia is most prevalent in populations of sub-Saharan African ancestry, but it is also common among Latin-American, Indian, Saudi Arab, and Mediterranean populations, such as Turkey, Greece, and Italy.
  • Some diseases may also be influenced by genes that differ in frequency between groups, such as sickle-cell anemia, which occurs overwhelmingly among some black populations, although the significance in clinical medicine of race categories as a proxy for exact genotypes of individuals has been questioned.
  • Taking the example of sickle-cell disease, in an emergency room, knowing the geographic origin of a patient may help a doctor doing an initial diagnosis if a patient presents with symptoms compatible with this disease.
  • In the United States, screening for sickle cell anemia is done on all newborns regardless of race.

• Transport of Oxygen in the Blood

  • Diseases such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia decrease the blood's ability to deliver oxygen to tissues and its oxygen-carrying capacity.
  • In sickle cell anemia, the shape of the red blood cell is crescent-shaped, elongated, and stiffened, reducing its ability to deliver oxygen .
  • Individuals with sickle cell anemia have crescent-shaped red blood cells.

• Protein Structure

  • In sickle cell anemia, a single amino substitution in the hemoglobin β chain causes a change the structure of the entire protein.
  • These dysfunctional hemoglobin proteins, under low-oxygen conditions, start associating with one another, forming long fibers made from millions of aggregated hemoglobins that distort the red blood cells into crescent or "sickle" shapes, which clog arteries .

• Artifacts of Assyria

  • The kings stands stiffly with a sickle in his right hand (at his side) and a mace in his left, which he holds to his torso.
  • Both objects are symbolic; the sickle was used as a weapon against monsters, while the mace was a symbol of political and religious authority.
  • He holds a sickle as a form of mythological defense and a mace as a symbol of authority.

• Exceptions to Koch's Postulates

  • Noninfection may be due to such factors as general health and proper immune functioning; acquired immunity from previous exposure or vaccination; or genetic immunity, as with the resistance to malaria conferred by possessing at least one sickle cell allele.

• RBC Anatomy

  • This occurs in people with spherocytic (sphere-shaped) anemia or sickle-cell anemia.

• Autoimmune Diseases

  • In contrast to classical inherited genetic diseases, like sickle cell anemia, autoimmune diseases are not caused by the defect of a single gene, but by the dysfunction of the complex interaction of a group of genes.

• Binomial distribution exercises

  • Sickle cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder where red blood cells lose their flexibility and assume an abnormal, rigid, "sickle" shape, which results in a risk of various complications.

• References

  • . & VanSickle, R.