semi-peripheral

Examples of semi-peripheral in the following topics:

• World-Systems Theory

  • India is an example of a semi-peripheral country -- it is largely dependent on foreign investors for capital, but has a growing technology industry and emerging middle class consumer market.
  • Semi-peripheral countries (e.g., South Korea, Taiwan, Mexico, Brazil, India, Nigeria, South Africa) are less developed than core nations but more developed than peripheral nations.
  • They are the buffer between core and peripheral countries.
  • Semiperipheral countries exploit peripheral countries, just as core countries exploit both semiperipheral and peripheral countries.
  • Produce a map of the world that shows some countries as core, peripheral, and semi-peripheral according to Wallerstein's theory

• The Classical Period of the Maya

  • The political, economic, and culturally dominant ‘core' Maya units of the Classic Maya world system were located in the central lowlands, while its corresponding peripheral Maya units were found along the margins of the southern highland and northern lowland areas.
  • The semi-peripheral (mediational) units generally took the form of trade and commercial centers.

• Neurons and Glial Cells

  • In most types of vertebrate animals, it consists of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
  • The PNS includes motor neurons (mediating voluntary movement), the autonomic nervous system (comprising the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system, which regulate involuntary functions), and the enteric nervous system (a semi-independent part of the nervous system whose function is to control the gastrointestinal system).
  • (d) In addition to a brain, arthropods have clusters of nerve cell bodies, called peripheral ganglia, located along the ventral nerve cord.
  • In (f) vertebrates, the brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system, while neurons extending into the rest of the body comprise the peripheral nervous system.
  • Recall the differences in structure and function between the central and peripheral nervous systems

• Thinking Globally

  • The world-system refers to the international division of labor, which divides the world into core countries, semi-periphery countries, and the periphery countries.
  • Nonetheless, the system is dynamic, and individual states can gain or lose their core (semi-periphery, periphery) status over time.
  • Dependency theory takes the idea of the international division of labor and states that peripheral countries are not poor because they have not adequately developed, but rather are poor because of the very nature of their relationship with core countries.
  • This relationship is exploitative, as the resources needed by peripheral countries to develop are funneled to core countries.
  • Core countries accumulate wealth by gathering resources from and selling goods back to the periphery and semi-periphery.

• Bone Marrow Examination

  • In patients with suspected peripheral blood or bone marrow diseases, a bone marrow biopsy can isolate bone marrow for an examination.
  • The aspirate sucks out liquid bone marrow, and yields semi-liquid bone marrow which can be examined by a pathologist under a light microscope and analyzed by flow cytometry, chromosome analysis, or polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

• Development of the Peripheral Nervous System

  • The peripheral nervous system develops from two strips of tissue called the neural crest, running lengthwise above the neural tube.
  • The inner portion of the neural plate (along the midline) is destined to become the central nervous system (CNS), the outer portion the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
  • Neural crest cells are a transient, multipotent, migratory cell population unique to vertebrates that gives rise to a diverse cell lineage including melanocytes, craniofacial cartilage and bone, smooth muscle, peripheral and enteric neurons and glia.
  • Subsequently, neural crest cells from the roof plate of the neural tube undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition, delaminating from the neuroepithelium and migrating through the periphery where they differentiate into varied cell types, including pigment cells and the cells of the peripheral nervous system.
  • The neural tube will give rise to the central nervous system, while the neural crest will give rise to the peripheral nervous system.

• Neuroglia of the Peripheral Nervous System

  • Schwann cells provide myelination to peripheral neurons.

• Comparing the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems

  • The peripheral nervous system includes both a voluntary, somatic branch and an involuntary division regulating visceral functions.
  • The peripheral nervous system (PNS, see ) is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
  • The somatic nervous system (SoNS) is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles.
  • Spinal nerves are peripheral nerves that carry sensory information into the spinal cord and motor commands.
  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system, functioning largely below the level of consciousness and controlling visceral functions.

• Regeneration of Nerve Fibers

  • The peripheral nervous system is able to repair and regenerate itself, but the central nervous system is incapable of doing so.
  • Neuroregeneration differs between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS) by the functional mechanisms and especially by the extent and speed.
  • While the peripheral nervous system has an intrinsic ability for repair and regeneration, the central nervous system is, for the most part, incapable of self-repair and regeneration.
  • Neuroregeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) occurs to a significant degree.
  • Unlike peripheral nervous system injury, injury to the central nervous system is not followed by extensive regeneration.

• Edema

  • Causes of edema which are generalized to the whole body can cause edema in multiple organs and peripherally.
  • For example, severe heart failure can cause pulmonary edema, pleural effusions, ascites, and peripheral edema.
  • Peripheral pitting edema, as shown in , is the more common type, resulting from water retention.
  • Causes of edema which are generalized to the whole body can cause edema in multiple organs and peripherally.
  • Peripheral pitting edema results from water retention.