Rus’

Examples of Rus’ in the following topics:

• Rurik and the Foundation of Rus'

  • This dynasty went on to to establish Kievan Rus'.
  • It relates the history of Kievan Rus' from 850 to 1110 with various updates and edits made throughout the 12th century by scholarly monks.
  • Rurik died in 879 and his successor, Oleg, continued the Varangian Rus' expansion in 882 by taking the southern city of Kiev from the Khasars and establishing the medieval state of Kievan Rus'.
  • In Kievan Rus' tradition, the heir apparent would oversee the northern site of Novgorod while the ruling Rus' king stayed in Kiev.
  • Understand the key aspects of Rurik's rise to power and the establishment of Kievan Rus'

• Vladimir I and Christianization

  • The first mention of any attempts to bring Christianity to Rus' appears around 860.
  • The Byzantine Patriarch Photius penned a letter in the year 867 that described the Rus' region right after the Rus'-Byzantine War of 860.
  • He was born in 958, the youngest of three sons, to the Rus' king Sviatoslav.
  • In 978, Vladimir returned to Kievan Rus' and successfully recaptured the territory.
  • Pagan uprisings continued throughout Kievan Rus' for at least another century.

• The Mongol Threat

  • The Mongol invasion of the Kievan Rus' principalities began in 1223 at the Battle of the Kalka River.
  • Rus’ became part of what is known as the Golden Horde, the western extension of the Mongol Empire located in the eastern Slavic region.
  • After the end of the unifying reign of Yaroslav the Wise, Kievan Rus’ became fragmented and power was focused on smaller polities.
  • This unsettled trend left Kievan Rus’ much more fragmented.
  • The Battle of the Kalka River in 1223 initiated the first attempt of the Mongol forces to capture Kievan Rus’.

• The Calvin Cycle

  • In the stroma, in addition to CO2,two other components are present to initiate the light-independent reactions: an enzyme called ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO) and three molecules of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).
  • RuBP has five atoms of carbon, flanked by two phosphates.
  • RuBisCO catalyzes a reaction between CO2 and RuBP.
  • Each turn of the cycle involves only one RuBP and one carbon dioxide and forms two molecules of 3-PGA.
  • In stage 1, the enzyme RuBisCO incorporates carbon dioxide into an organic molecule, 3-PGA.

• Metal Exchange Reactions

  • Alternative methods of preparing a wide variety of organometallic compounds generally involve an exchange reaction in which a given metal is either moved to a new location or replaced by a new metal, which may include B, Al, Ti, V, Fe, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ru, Pd, Sn, Pt, Hg & Pb.

• Regulation of the Calvin Cycle

  • The enzyme that catalyzes this specific reaction is ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO).
  • RuBisCO is identified as the most abundant enzyme on earth, to date.
  • RuBisCO enzymatic activity is regulated by numerous factors including: ions, RuBisCO activase, ATP/ADP and reduction/oxidation states, phosphate and carbon dioxide.
  • The various factors influencing RuBisCO activity directly affect phase 1 of the Calvin cycle.
  • During the third phase of the Calvin cycle, regeneration of RuBisCO occurs.

• Yaroslav the Wise

  • He also created some of the first legal codes in Kievan Rus'.
  • These first steps also most likely led to the first legal code in Kievan Rus' under Yaroslav.
  • After this conflict, the brothers split the Kievan Rus' holdings, with Mstislav ruling over the region left of the Dnieper River.
  • Yaroslav the Wise was instrumental in defending borders and expanding the holdings of Kievan Rus'.
  • Compiling the first book of laws in Kievan Rus', called the Pravda Yaroslava.

• Carboxysomes

  • These compartments are thought to concentrate carbon dioxide to overcome the inefficiency of RuBisCo (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) - the predominant enzyme in carbon fixation and the rate limiting enzyme in the Calvin cycle.
  • Carboxysomes were first purified from Thiobacillus neapolitanus in 1973, and were shown to contain RuBisCo held within a rigid outer covering .
  • The features visualized arise from the distribution of stain around proteins forming the shell as well as around the RuBisCO molecules that fill the carboxysome interior.

• CAM and C4 Photosynthesis

  • Decarboxylation of malate during the day releases CO2 inside the leaves, thus allowing carbon fixation to 3-phosphoglycerate by RuBisCO.
  • The C4 pathway bears resemblance to CAM; both act to concentrate CO2 around RuBisCO, thereby increasing its efficiency.
  • C4 plants, in contrast, concentrate CO2 spatially, with a RuBisCO reaction centre in a "bundle sheath cell" that is inundated with CO2.
  • Plants that do not use PEP-carboxylase in carbon fixation are called C3 plants because the primary carboxylation reaction, catalyzed by RuBisCO, produces the three-carbon 3-phosphoglyceric acids directly in the Calvin-Benson cycle.

• Ivan I and the Rise of Moscow

  • The small trading outpost of Moscow in the north of Rus' transformed into a wealthy cultural center in the 14th century under the leadership of Ivan I.
  • Moscow was only a small trading outpost in the principality of Vladimir-Suzdal in Kievan Rus' before the invasion of Mongol forces during the 13th century.
  • He was born during a time of devastation and upheaval in Rus'.
  • These shifts slowly transformed the tiny trading outpost into a bustling city center in the northern forests of what was once Kievan Rus’.
  • Ivan I also tempted one of the most important religious leaders in Rus', the Orthodox Metropolitan Peter, to the city of Moscow.