Red Summer of 1919

(noun)

Red Summer describes the race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities in the United States during the summer and early autumn of 1919.

Related Terms

Examples of Red Summer of 1919 in the following topics:

  • Racial Friction

    • Numerous examples of postwar racial friction sparked by Nativism and the Great Migration reached a peak in the 1919 Red Summer.
    • At the height of the tensions came the Red Summer of 1919, when whites carried out open acts of violence against blacks, who were forced to fight back.
    • The Red Summer is a term for the race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities in the United States during the summer and early autumn of 1919.
    • In the autumn of 1919, Dr.
    • In September 1919, in response to the Red Summer, the African Blood Brotherhood, a radical black liberation organization, formed in northern cities to serve as an "armed resistance" movement.

  • The "New Negro"

    • "New Negro" is a term popularized during the Harlem Renaissance, implying a more outspoken advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit quietly to the practices and laws of Jim Crow racial segregation.
    • This contributed to the rising racial tension which resulted in the riots that affected several major cities in the "red summer" of 1919.
    • There is no doubt that despite the difficult challenges of race and class in the 1920s, a new spirit of hope and pride marked black activity and expression in all areas.
    • All Harlem Renaissance participants, regardless of their generational or ideological orientation in aesthetics or politics, shared at some level this sense of possibility.
    • Yet all of them subscribed to some form of Pan-Africanism.

  • The "Nadir of Race Relations" and the Great Migration

    • The nadir of race relations in the United States was an ideological era of nationwide hostility directed from white Americans against African Americans.
    • Despite being made up almost entirely of Northerners, in the 1896 case of Plessy v.
    • In 1919, there were riots in several major cities, resulting in the so-called Red Summer.
    • The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 erupted into mob violence that lasted several days, leaving 15 white people and 23 black people dead.
    • A white gang looking for African Americans during the Chicago Race Riot of 1919.

  • Conclusion: The Legacy of WWI

    • The Red Summer is a term for the race riots of the summer and early autumn of 1919.
    • The Chicago Race Riot that began on July 27, 1919, was the worst example of the mob violence that swept the country.
    • The economic toll of the war was incredibly high, causing widespread starvation and homelessness throughout Europe during the winter of 1918-1919.
    • Council of Four at the Paris Peace Conference, May 27, 1919.
    • A white gang searching for African-Americans during the Chicago race riots of 1919.

  • Red Scare

    • Postwar patriotism and fears of communism after the Russian Revolution produced the Red Scare in the U.S. in 1919-1920.
    • The Red Scare of 1919–1920 had its origins in the hyper-nationalism of World War I and was marked by a widespread fear of Bolshevism and anarchism.
    • Army machine gunner holding off hordes of Reds and Wobblies (Industrial Workers of the World party members).
    • A Red Scare depiction of a "European Anarchist" attempting to destroy the Statue of Liberty.
    • The front page of the Seattle Union Record newspaper on February 3, 1919, carrying a report of the city's general strike.

  • The Great Steel Strike

    • The post-war Red Scare had swept the country in the wake of the Russian revolution of October 1917, and the steel companies took advantage of the change in the political climate.
    • Thus, the Great Steel Strike of 1919 collapsed on January 8, 1920.
    • "Coming out of the Smoke," New York World, October 11, 1919.
    • This cartoon illustrates the beginning of the steel strike in 1919.
    • Identify the contributing factors to the Great Steel Strike of 1919, and how steel companies took advantage of the post-war Red Scare to end the strike.

  • The Phytochrome System and Red Light Response

    • Absorption of red or far-red light causes a massive change to the shape of the chromophore, altering the conformation and activity of the phytochrome protein to which it is bound.
    • The effect of red light is reversible by immediately shining far-red light on the sample, which converts the chromoprotein to the inactive Pr form.
    • Any plant in the shade of another plant will be exposed to red-depleted, far-red-enriched light because the other plant has absorbed most of the other red light.
    • Since Pfr reverts to Pr during darkness, there will be no Pfr remaining at sunrise if the night is long (winter) and some Pfr remaining if the night is short (summer).
    • Short-day (long-night) plants use this information to flower in the late summer and early fall when nights exceed a critical length (often eight or fewer hours).

  • Strikes

    • The Minneapolis General Strike of 1934 grew out of a strike by Teamsters against most of the trucking companies operating in Minneapolis, a major distribution center for the Upper Midwest.
    • The strike began on May 16, 1934 in the Market District (the modern day Warehouse District) and ensuing violence lasted periodically throughout the summer.
    • This occurred with factory occupations in the Bienno Rossi strikes-the "two red years" of Italy from 1919-1920.
    • The act of working during a strike – whether by strikebreakers, management personnel, non-unionized employees or members of other unions not on strike – is known as "crossing the picket line," regardless of whether it involves actually physically crossing a line of picketing strikers.
    • Unions faced with a strikebreaking situation may try to inhibit the use of strikebreakers by a variety of methods:

  • Wilson's Loss at Home

    • Despite Wilson's efforts, the Treaty of Versailles (and membership in the League of Nations) was never ratified by Congress.
    • All of the Irreconcilables were bitter enemies of President Wilson, and he launched a nationwide speaking tour in the summer of 1919 to refute them.
    • The closest the Treaty came to passage was on November 19, 1919, as Lodge and his Republicans formed a coalition with the pro-Treaty Democrats and were close to a two-thirds majority for a Treaty with reservations.
    • A poll of historians in 2006 cited Wilson's failure to compromise with the Republicans on U.S. entry into the League as one of the 10 largest errors on the part of an American president.
    • Senator Henry Cabot Lodge led the Irreconcilables, who blocked approval of the Treaty of Versailles in America.

  • Soviet Constructivism

    • Constructivism was an artistic and architectural philosophy that originated in Russia in 1919 that rejected the idea of autonomous art.
    • Constructivism was an artistic and architectural philosophy that originated in Russia beginning in 1919.
    • At the heart of the movement was a rejection of the idea of autonomous art.
    • Perhaps the most famous of these was in Vitebsk, where Malevich's UNOVIS Group painted propaganda plaques and buildings (the best known being El Lissitzky's 1919 poster Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge).
    • The canonical work of Constructivism was Vladimir Tatlin's proposal for the Monument to the Third International (1919) which combined a machine aesthetic with dynamic components celebrating technology such as searchlights and projection screens.