recall

Examples of recall in the following topics:

• Memory Retrieval: Recognition and Recall

  • In recall, the information must be retrieved from memories.
  • There are three main types of recall studied in psychology: serial recall, free recall, and cued recall.
  • Free recall occurs when a person must recall many items but can recall them in any order.
  • Like serial recall, free recall is subject to the primacy and recency effects.
  • Outline the ways in which recall can be cued or fail

• Memory Distortions and Biases

  • Memories are not stored as exact replicas of reality; rather, they are modified and reconstructed during recall.
  • Memory errors occur when memories are recalled incorrectly; a memory gap is the complete loss of a memory.
  • Even when participants recalled accurate information, they filled in gaps with false information.
  • Intrusion errors are frequently studied through word-list recall tests.
  • These types of intrusion errors often follow what are known as the DRM Paradigm effects, in which the incorrectly recalled items are often thematically related to the study list one is attempting to recall from.

• Types of Forgetting

  • Under this theory, you need to follow a certain pathway, or trace, to recall a memory.
  • If this pathway goes unused for some amount of time, the memory decays, which leads to difficulty recalling, or the inability to recall, the memory.
  • This is when newly learned information interferes with and impedes the recall of previously learned information.
  • A memory is most easily recalled when it is brand new, and without rehearsal, begins to be forgotten.
  • Both old and new memories can impact how well we are able to recall a memory.

• Amnesia

  • Amnesia, the inability to recall certain memories, often results from damage to any of a number of regions in the temporal lobe and hippocampus.
  • "Amnesia" is a general term for the inability to recall certain memories, or in some cases, the inability t0 form new memories.
  • Amnesia typically occurs when there is damage to a variety of regions of the temporal lobe or the hippocampus, causing the inability to recall memories before, or after, an (often traumatic) event.
  • Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall memories made before the onset of amnesia.
  • Retrograde prevents recall of information encoded before a brain injury, and anterograde prevents recall of information encountered after a brain injury.

• Introduction to Memory Storage

  • However, the  duration of long-term memories is not permanent; unless a memory is occasionally recalled, it may fail to be recalled on later occasions.
  • A variety of different memory models have been proposed to account for different types of recall.
  • In order to explain the recall process, however, a memory model must identify how an encoded memory can reside in memory storage for a prolonged period of time until the memory is accessed again, during the recall process.
  • In order to retrieve the memory for the recall process, one must cue the memory matrix with a specific probe.
  • In the recall process, items residing in the short-term memory store will be recalled first, followed by items residing in the long-term store, where the probability of being recalled is proportional to the strength of the association present within the long-term store.

• Transience and Encoding Failure

  • Both transience and encoding failure can limit our ability to store and, later, recall memories.
  • Memories are not based precisely on the ability to recall past events, but on how a person internalizes the events through perceptions, interpretations, and emotions.
  • Information that is considered less relevant or less useful will be harder to recall than memories which are given value and importance.
  • By creating connections or associations between new information and old information, will allow greater opportunity for memories to be consolidated, and therefore more easily recalled.
  • To form a memory in the brain, information must first be encoded and stored before it can be recalled for later use.

• Prediction

• Short-Term and Working Memory

  • Short-term memory, which includes working memory, stores information for a brief period of recall for things that happened recently.
  • It is separate from our long-term memory, where lots of information is stored for us to recall at a later time.
  • Short-term memory acts as a scratchpad for temporary recall of information.
  • For example, the ability to recall words in order depends on a number of characteristics of these words: fewer words can be recalled when the words have longer spoken duration (this is known as the word-length effect) or when their speech sounds are similar to each other (this is called the phonological similarity effect). 
  • More words can be recalled when the words are highly familiar or occur frequently in the language.

• Binomial Expansion and Factorial Notation

  • Recall that the binomial theorem is an algebraic method of expanding a binomial that is raised to a certain power, such as $(4x+y)^7$.
  • Recall that the combination formula represents the number of ways to choose $k$ objects from among $n$, where order does not matter.
  • In calculating coefficients, recall that the factorial of a non-negative integer $n$, denoted by $n!
  • Finally, you may recall that the factorial $n!
  • Recall that ${ \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} }$ and ${ \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 4 \end{pmatrix} }$are both equivalent to 1, as there is only one way to choose either 0 or 4 objects from among 4.

• Democracy

  • U'Ren also helped in the passage of an amendment in 1908 that gave voters power to recall elected officials.
  • A recall election (also called a recall referendum or representative recall) is a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a direct vote before his or her term has ended.
  • Recalls are initiated when sufficient voters sign a petition.
  • These Progressive reforms were soon replicated in other states, including Idaho, Washington, and Wisconsin, and today roughly half of U.S. states have initiative, referendum and recall provisions in their state constitutions.
  • The goals of his policy included the recall, referendum, direct primary, and initiative.