quota

Examples of quota in the following topics:

• Quotas

  • There are two main types of import quota: the absolute quota and the tariff-rate quota.
  • A tariff-rate quota is a two-tier quota system that combines characteristics of tariffs and quotas.
  • Often, quotas are instituted to:
  • Quotas may also encourage smuggling.
  • As quotas raise the price of domestic goods, it becomes profitable to try and circumvent the quota by bringing in goods illegally, or in excess of the quota.

• Promoting Free Trade

  • Government can promote free trade by reducing tariffs, quotas, and non-tariff barriers.
  • Free trade is a policy by which a government does not discriminate against imports or interfere with exports by applying tariffs (to imports), subsidies (to exports), or quotas.
  • Tariffs and quotas are explicit government policies that are designed to protect domestic producers, even if they are not the most efficient producers .
  • In addition to tariffs and quotas, there are a number of other barriers to free trade that countries use.
  • NTBs act just like tariffs and quotas in that they are barriers to free trade.

• Quotas

  • To prevent over-fishing, a negative externality, governments may impose individual fishing quotas (IFQs), which set an allowable catch limit for fisheries.
  • To address the problem of negative externalities, governments may use a quota system to try and limit them.
  • In a quota system, the negative externality is capped at a certain amount.
  • In the example of pollution, the government may put a quota on the amount of pollution a factory can produce by issuing tradable permits.

• Creating Sales Force Structure, Territories, and Goals

  • Sales goals are commonly stated in terms of quotas.
  • A sales quota is the minimum sales goal for a set time span.
  • Sales quotas may also be for sales activity, such as number of calls per day.
  • Management usually sets the sales quota and the sales territory, but it's not easy.
  • When setting quotas, successful sales managers tend to:

• The Year the Polls Elected Dewey

  • In the 1948 presidential election, the use of quota sampling led the polls to inaccurately predict that Dewey would defeat Truman.
  • The Crossley, Gallup, and Roper organizations all used quota sampling.
  • The intent of quota sampling is to ensure that the sample represents the population in all essential respects.
  • In addition, quota sampling involves a human element.
  • Quota sampling had to go.

• Nativism

  • After intense lobbying from the nativist movement, the United States Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act in 1921.
  • This bill was the first to place numerical quotas on immigration.
  • The Emergency Quota Act was followed with the Immigration Act of 1924, a more permanent resolution.
  • This law reduced the number of immigrants able to arrive from 357,803, the number established in the Emergency Quota Act, to 164,687.

• Toward Immigration Restriction

  • Nativists campaigned for immigration restrictions from 1890-1920, proposing measures such as literacy tests and quotas.
  • The widespread acceptance of racist ideology and labor concerns led to a reduction in Southern and Eastern European immigrants being codified in the National Origins Formula of the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, which capped new immigrants at 3% of the number of people in that same ethnic group already in the United States.
  • This was a temporary measure and was followed by a further lowering of the immigrant quota to 2% in the Immigration Act of 1924, which also reduced the number of immigrants to 164,687.
  • It contributed to the anti-immigration movement and consequently, immigration quota legislation in the 1920s.

• Economics

  • In general, for a given level of protection, quota-like restrictions carry a greater potential for reducing welfare than do tariffs.
  • Tariffs, quotas, and non-tariff barriers lead too few of the economy's resources being used to produce tradeable goods.

• Evaluating Policies

  • Import Quotas: Policy makers often implement quotas in agriculture to retain more control over prices and protect domestic incumbents.
  • Quotas, like other forms of trade protection, benefit the local industry.

• Reaction to the Holocaust

  • The Bermuda Conference led to no change in policy; the Americans would not change their immigration quotas to accept the refugees, and the British would not alter its immigration policy to permit them to enter Palestine.
  • Ickes proposed the use of Alaska as a "haven for Jewish refugees from Germany and other areas in Europe where the Jews are subjected to oppressive restrictions. " Resettlement in Alaska would allow the refugees to bypass normal immigration quotas, because Alaska was a territory and not a state.