Punitive Expedition of 1897

Examples of Punitive Expedition of 1897 in the following topics:

• Benin

  • The Benin Empire was a pre-colonial African kingdom that ruled in Nigeria from 1440-1897.
  • The famed Benin City, formerly of the Kingdom of Benin, was a large complex of homes in coursed mud, with roofs of shingles or palm leaves.
  • Construction consisted of a ditch and dike structure, with a combination of ramparts and moats that was used as a defense in times of war.
  • In 1897, the British ravaged the Benin Walls during what has come to be called the Punitive Expedition.
  • Much of this work was either destroyed or confiscated during the Punitive Expedition of 1897 .

• The Benin Bronzes

  • The Benin Bronzes are a collection of more than 3,000 brass plaques from the royal palace of the Kingdom of Benin, located in what is now Nigeria.
  • The Benin Bronzes are a collection of more than 3,000 brass plaques and sculptures from the royal palace of the Kingdom of Benin, located in present day Nigeria.
  • At the end of the 19th century, most of the plaques and other objects were removed by the British during the Punitive Expedition of 1897 as imperial control was being consolidated in Southern Nigeria.
  • Bronze and ivory objects had a variety of functions in the ritual and courtly life of the Kingdom of Benin.
  • Art in the Kingdom of Benin took many forms, of which bronze and brass reliefs and the heads of kings and queen mothers are the best known.

• Benin

  • The Benin Empire (1440-1897) developed an advanced artistic culture, especially known for its famous artifacts of bronze, iron, and ivory.
  • At its height, the empire extended from the shores of the Niger river through parts of the southwestern region of Nigeria.
  • Typically made from bronze, brass, clay, ivory, terracotta, or wood, works of art were produced mainly for the court of the Oba (king) of Benin.
  • In 1897, the British led the Punitive Expedition in which they ransacked the Benin kingdom and destroyed or confiscated much of their artwork.
  • Pendant ivory mask of Queen Idia (Iyoba ne Esigie (meaning: Queenmother of Oba Esigie)), court of Benin, 16th century (Metropolitan Museum of Art)

• Ile-Ife and Benin Sculpture

  • According to Yoruba faith, the city of Ife is where all of humanity originated: Oduduwa created the world where Ife would be built, and his brother Obatala created the first humans out of clay.
  • Prince referred to the terra cotta artists of 900 CE as the founders of art guilds, cultural schools of philosophy, which can be likened to many of Europe's old institutions of learning.
  • The Benin Empire was a precolonial African kingdom that ruled Nigeria from the eleventh century to 1897.
  • In 1897, the British led the Punitive Expedition in which they ransacked the Benin kingdom and destroyed or confiscated much of their artwork.
  • Iyoba ne Esigie (meaning: Queen mother of Oba Esigie), court of Benin, 16th century.

• The Kingdoms of Madagascar

  • Among these were the Betsimisaraka alliance of the eastern coast and the Sakalava chiefdoms of the Menabe (centered in what is now the town of Morondava) and of Boina (centered in what is now the provincial capital of Mahajanga).
  • By 1730, he was one of the most powerful kings of Madagascar.
  • In a number of military expeditions, large numbers of non-Merina were captured and used for slave labor.
  • The slave-based economy led to a constant danger of a slave revolt and for a period in the 1820s, all non-Merina males captured in military expeditions were killed rather than enslaved for fear of an armed uprising.
  • In 1896, the French Parliament voted to annex Madagascar, forming the colony of French Madagascar in 1897.