Projection

Examples of Projection in the following topics:

• Project Management Audits

  • Project management audits are used to determine and control the quality, completion, and timing of a project.
  • Like a project management audit, a quality audit is an external verification that a project is compliant with regulations and standard.
  • Audits in project management also include regulatory audits to provide external verification that a project is compliant with regulations and standards.
  • Audits generally provide a good understanding of how a project is running and how in/effectively the project team is.
  • When auditing a project, the project manager needs to be clear that the project team does not become suspicious or feel threatened by it.

• Disadvantages of the IRR Method

  • In cases where one project has a higher initial investment than a second mutually exclusive project, the first project may have a lower IRR (expected return), but a higher NPV (increase in shareholders' wealth) and should thus be accepted over the second project (assuming no capital constraints).
  • In addition, IRR assumes reinvestment of interim cash flows in projects with equal rates of return (the reinvestment can be the same project or a different project).
  • This presents a problem, especially for high IRR projects, since there is frequently not another project available in the interim that can earn the same rate of return as the first project.
  • NPV vs discount rate comparison for two mutually exclusive projects.
  • Project A has a higher NPV (for certain discount rates), even though its IRR (= x-axis intercept) is lower than for project B

• Replacement Projects

  • A replacement project is an undertaking in which the company eliminates a project at the end of its life and substitutes another investment.
  • The possibility of replacement projects must be taken into account during the process of capital budgeting and subsequent project management.
  • A replacement project is an undertaking in which the company eliminates a project at the end of its life and substitutes another investment.
  • Most projects have a finite useful life.
  • Discounted cash flow analysis should be undertaken for both the existing project and the potential replacement project.

• Project-Based Learning: Instructional Strategies

  • The full benefits of projects cannot be achieved without considering the nature of the student's knowledge, the extent of teacher knowledge, and the complexity of the classroom setting.
  • The following strategies can be implemented in the learning environment to promote a Project-Based Learning framework.

• Providing Hosting/Bandwidth

  • The inexorable rise of zero-cost canned hosting sites (see the section called "Canned Hosting" in Technical Infrastructure) for open source projects has meant that it is increasingly unnecessary for projects to get corporate support for basic project-hosting infrastructure.
  • It still happens sometimes, usually in cases where the company itself started the project, and is trying to create or keep an association in the public's mind between the project and the company.
  • The most common technique for creating this association is for the company to host the project's resources under the company's domain name, thus getting association through the project's URLs.
  • While this will cause most users to think of the software as having something to do with your company, it can also cause a problem: developers are aware of this associative tendency too, and may not be very comfortable with having the project hosted under your domain unless you're seriously contributing to the project—not just bandwidth and server space, but significant amounts of development time.
  • The community may eventually feel that the implied misallocation of credit is not worth the minor convenience brought by donated hosting, and may even attempt to take the project elsewhere.

• Ratio Analysis

  • Ratio analysis is a useful tool for benchmarking the financial and operational efficiency of a project compared with other projects.
  • In project management, a ratio analysis may be related to the efficiency of a project and how well the project managers are controlling resources.
  • All of these ratios give the project manager a better sense of the health of the project.
  • Project managers should consider these ratios in relation to past, present, and future projects, making sure that they are investing in a project that will produce the best value for their dollar.
  • Project managers must justify their projects in this context to appease managerial concerns and considerations; thus ratio analysis is also useful in ensuring the viability and likelihood of renewal for a given project.

• Decouple Publicity Events from Project Progress

• CPM and PERT Charts

  • CPM diagrams each step of a project(s).
  • Project managers can glean a lot of information about the timing of the project by following the pathways created in the CPM diagram between the different steps.
  • The critical path also tells the project manager the shortest possible time period in which the project can be completed since the timing of the project will be dependent on the completion of critical path tasks.
  • This helps project managers organize tasks and ensure that time is managed appropriately at each stage of the project.
  • Outline business processes within project management utilizing the critical path method (CPM) as a control function and diagram projects within project management using the program evaluation review technique (PERT) chart

• Components of Project-Based Learning

  • The second phase is "creating", or implementing the project.
  • The activities for the third phase, "processing" the project, include reflection and follow-up on the projects.
  • This project provides four stages model of Project-Based Learning: problem generation, creation of cooperative team, jigsaw group, and culminating a consequential task (http://www.college.hmco.com/education/pbl/project/project4.html).
  • In the implementation or creation phase, the learner develops the project idea, combines the contributions of the group, and builds the project.
  • In the processing phase, the project is shared with other groups, feedback is obtained, and then the groups reflects on the project.

• Gantt Charts

  • Gantt charts display the duration of steps in a project and are used by project managers to track the time and sequence of each step.
  • Gantt charts are used in many types of projects, including technical projects and simple projects.
  • Gantt charts also help communicate the goals and objectives of projects, their timeline, and the expectations project managers have for completion rates for the project.
  • If two projects are the same number of days behind schedule, the larger project has a larger effect on resource utilization, but this difference is not expressed on a Gantt chart.
  • The X axis displays the expected duration of the project and the bars show how much time each step of the project is expected to take as well as when the step will take place in relation to the rest of the project.