prey

Examples of prey in the following topics:

• Predator-Prey Systems

  • The predator–prey equations are a pair of first-order, non-linear, differential equations frequently used to describe the dynamics of biological systems in which two species interact, one a predator and one its prey.
  • The food supply of the predator population depends entirely on the prey populations.
  • The rate of predation upon the prey is assumed to be proportional to the rate at which the predators and the prey meet; this is represented above by $\beta xy$.
  • The predator population follows the prey population.
  • Identify type of the equations used to model the predator-prey systems

• Predation, Herbivory, and the Competitive Exclusion Principle

  • Predation is the hunting of prey by its predator.
  • Populations of predators and prey in a community are not constant over time; in most cases, they vary in cycles that appear to be related.
  • The most-often-cited example of predator-prey dynamics is seen in the cycling of the lynx (predator) and the snowshoe hare (prey), which is based on nearly 200-year-old trapping data from North American forests .
  • This cycle of predator and prey lasts approximately 10 years, with the predator population lagging 1–2 years behind that of the prey population.
  • The cycling of lynx and snowshoe hare populations in Northern Ontario is an example of predator-prey dynamics.

• Phylum Cnidaria

  • Cnidarians are diploblastic, have organized tissue, undergo extracellular digestion, and use cnidocytes for protection and to capture prey.
  • These cells are present around the mouth and tentacles, serving to immobilize prey with toxins contained within the cells.
  • When touched, the cells are known to fire coiled threads that can either penetrate the flesh of the prey or predators of cnidarians, or ensnare it.
  • These coiled threads release toxins into the target that can often immobilize prey or scare away predators ().
  • The first is the gastrozooid, which is adapted for capturing prey and feeding; the other type of polyp is the gonozooid, adapted for the asexual budding of medusa.

• Two-Hybrid Analysis

  • The method consists of splitting a yeast transcription factor into its binding domain and activation domain, fusing the binding domain to one protein of interest (the bait) and the activation domain to another protein of interest (the prey), and reconstituting the activity of the transcription factor by bringing the two domains back into physical proximity.
  • If the two proteins do interact the bait recruits the prey to a specific cellular location where it can stimulate a detectable output (e.g., gene activation).
  • These fused proteins are called the bait and prey, respectively.
  • Upon bait–prey interaction, Nub and Cub-moieties assemble, reconstituting the split-ubiquitin.
  • Overview of two-hybrid assay, checking for interactions between two proteins, called here Bait and Prey.

• Mapping Protein-Protein Interactions

  • The method consists of splitting a yeast transcription factor into its binding domain and activation domain, fusing the binding domain to one protein of interest (the bait) and the activation domain to another protein of interest (the prey), and reconstituting the activity of the transcription factor by bringing the two domains back into physical proximity.
  • If the two proteins do interact the bait recruits the prey to a specific cellular location where it can stimulate a detectable output (e.g., gene activation).
  • Principle of the bait and prey method for the study of protein-protein interaction.

• Protists as Plant Pathogens

  • Many protists act as parasites that prey on plants or as decomposers that feed on dead organisms.
  • Protist parasites prey on terrestrial plants and include agents that cause massive destruction to food crops.

• Proactive Representatives

  • Hunters are in it for the kill; they always smell fresh prey.
  • They are tracking, sniffing, looking, following their leads, and finding prey.
  • They are always on the hunt, the scent of their next prey always present; if the hunter finds fresh tracks (leads) you can be sure the Hunter will be after it.

• Classes of Echinoderms

  • Sea stars use their tube feet not only for gripping surfaces, but also for grasping prey.
  • Sea stars have two stomachs, one of which can protrude through their mouths and secrete digestive juices into or onto prey, even before ingestion.
  • This process can essentially liquefy the prey, making digestion easier.
  • Ophiuroids may also prey on small crustaceans or worms.

• Gnathostomes: Jawed Fishes

  • Most sharks are carnivores that feed on live prey, either swallowing it whole or using their jaws and teeth to tear it into smaller pieces.
  • Sharks have well-developed sense organs that aid them in locating prey, including a keen sense of smell and electroreception.
  • Organs called ampullae of Lorenzini enable sharks to detect the electromagnetic fields that are produced by all living things, including their prey.
  • Hammerhead sharks tend to school during the day and hunt prey at night.

• Predatory Pricing

  • Economists argue that the competitors (the 'prey') know that the predator cannot sustain low prices forever, so it is essentially a game of chicken.
  • And even if they cannot, bankrupcy does not by itself eliminate the fallen prey's ability to produce: the physical plant and people whose skills made it a viable business will exist, and will be available - perhaps at very low prices - to others who may replace the fallen prey once supra-competitive prices set in.Critics of laws against predatory pricing may support their case empirically by arguing that there has been no instance where such a practice has actually led to a monopoly.
  • Prey may not see it as a game of chicken, if they truly believe that the prey has actually found a way to achieve a lower cost of production than them.