plea bargain

Examples of plea bargain in the following topics:

• Class, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System

  • In practice, courts resolve most cases through a plea bargain.

• Clinton and Domestic Policy

  • The legal system began to rely on plea bargains to minimize the increased case load.

• A Brief Definition

  • Through collective bargaining, employers and employees negotiate the conditions of employment.
  • The right to collectively bargain is recognized through international human rights conventions.
  • The right-to-manage model, developed by the British school during the 1980s (Nickell), views the labor union and the firm bargaining over the wage rate according to a typical Nash Bargaining Maximin.
  • The efficient bargaining model (McDonald and Solow, 1981) sees the union and the firm bargaining over both wages and employment (or, more realistically, hours of work).
  • Define the monopoly union model, the right-to-manage model, and the efficient bargaining model as theories of collective bargaining

• Depression and Post-War Victories

  • Roosevelt in 1932, government -- and eventually the courts -- began to look more favorably on the pleas of labor.
  • One of these, the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (also known as the Wagner Act) gave workers the right to join unions and to bargain collectively through union representatives.
  • Kennedy issued an executive order giving federal employees the right to organize and to bargain collectively (but not to strike).

• National Labor Relations Act

  • The National Labor Relations Act establishes the right of most private-sector workers to form unions, bargain with management and strike.
  • Protecting a wide range of activities, whether a union is involved or not, in order to promote organization and collective bargaining
  • Allowance of one exclusive bargaining representative for a unit of employees
  • Refusing to bargain collectively with the representative of the employer's employees
  • The National Labor Relations Act is to establish the right of most private-sector workers to form unions, bargain with management.

• Collective Bargaining

  • Collective bargaining is negotiation between unions and employers to come to an agreement on the conditions of employment.
  • In collective bargaining, the process of negotiation between employees and employers, employees attempt to achieve employment conditions that serve their shared interests.
  • Collective bargaining consists of the process of negotiation between representatives of a union and employers (generally represented by management) in respect to the terms and conditions of employment, such as wages, hours of work, working conditions, grievance procedures, and the rights and responsibilities of trade unions.
  • The parties often refer to the result of the negotiation as a collective bargaining agreement (CBA) or as a collective employment agreement (CEA).
  • It also makes it illegal for employers to retaliate against employees who engage in organizing campaigns or form company unions or to refuse to engage in collective bargaining with the union that represents their employees.

• The Coase Theorem

  • According to the theorem, if trade in an externality is possible and there are no transaction costs, bargaining among private parties will lead to an efficient outcome regardless of the initial allocation of property rights .
  • The farmer has an incentive to bargain with the rancher to find a more efficient solution.
  • If it is more efficient to prevent cattle trampling a farmer's field by fencing in the farm, rather than fencing in the cattle, the outcome of the bargaining will be the fence around the farm.
  • In practice, transaction costs are rarely low enough to allow for efficient bargaining and hence the theorem is almost always inapplicable to economic reality.
  • According to the Coase theorem, two private parties will be able to bargain with each other and find an efficient solution to an externality problem.

• Labor Union Impacts on Equilibrium

  • The primary activity of the union is to bargain with the employer on behalf of union members and negotiate labor contracts.
  • In order to achieve these goals unions engage in collective bargaining: the process of negotiation between a company's management and a labor union.
  • When collective bargaining fails, union members may go on strike, refusing to work until a firm addresses the workers' grievances.
  • Examine the role of unions and collective bargaining in labor-firm relations

• Labor Unions

  • Labor unions provide members with the power of collective bargaining over and fight for workers rights.
  • Labor union's activism centers on collective bargaining over wages, benefits, and working conditions for their membership, and on representing their members in disputes with management over violations of contract provisions.
  • To join a traditional labor union, workers must either be given voluntary recognition from their employer or have a majority of workers in a bargaining unit vote for union representation.
  • To fight employer anti-union programs, unions are currently advocating new "card check" federal legislation that would require employers to bargain with a union if more than 50% of workers signed forms, or "cards," stating they wish to be represented by that union, rather than waiting 45 to 90 days for a federally-supervised a secret ballot election during which time employers can fire, harass and generally make life miserable for pro-union employees.

• Types of Private Solutions

  • The Coase theorem, which was developed by Ronald Coase, posits that two parties will be able to bargain with each other to reach an agreement that efficiently addresses externalities.
  • If the conditions are met, the bargaining parties are expected to reach an agreement where everyone is better off.
  • In practice, however, transaction costs do exist, and the bargaining process does not always run smoothly.