pelvic inflammatory disease

Examples of pelvic inflammatory disease in the following topics:

• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an inflammation of the female reproductive organs that is most often caused by infection.
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tubes and/or the ovaries.
  • It should be treated promptly to avoid serious complications like scarring and adhesions which can cause infertility, ectopic pregnancy and chronic pelvic pain.
  • Different tests can be used for diagnosis such as pelvic ultrasound and laboratory tests for STIs.
  • Describe the causes, symptoms and long-term effects of pelvic inflammatory disease

• Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)

  • If irregular menstrual bleeding is present it may indicate that the infection has progressed into pelvic inflammatory disease.
  • Women are at risk of developing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), while in men the infection can progress to epididymitis and cause infertility.

• Gonorrhea

  • Women, on the other hand, are asymptomatic half the time or have vaginal discharge and pelvic pain.
  • In both men and women if gonorrhea is left untreated, it may spread locally causing epididymitis or pelvic inflammatory disease or throughout the body, affecting joints and heart valves.Treatment is commonly with ceftriaxone as antibiotic resistance has developed to many previously used medications.

• Chlamydia

  • Chlamydia is a major infectious cause of human genital and eye disease.
  • Occasionally, the condition spreads to the upper genital tract in women (causing pelvic inflammatory disease) or to the epididymis in men (causing epididymitis).
  • Chlamydial infection of the neck of the womb (cervicitis) is a sexually transmitted infection which is asymptomatic for about 50-70% of women infected with the disease.
  • Of those who have an asymptomatic infection that is not detected by their doctor, approximately half will develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a generic term for infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries.
  • PID can cause scarring inside the reproductive organs, which can later cause serious complications, including chronic pelvic pain, difficulty becoming pregnant, ectopic (tubal) pregnancy, and other dangerous complications of pregnancy.Chlamydia is known as the "Silent Epidemic" because in women, it may not cause any symptoms in 75% of cases, and can linger for months or years before being discovered.

• Adhesions

  • Abdominal adhesions (or intra-abdominal adhesions) are most commonly caused by abdominal surgical procedures but may also be caused by pelvic inflammatory disease or endometriosis.
  • Adhesion-related twisting and pulling of internal organs can result in complications such as infertility and chronic pelvic pain.
  • Adhesions from prior abdominal or pelvic surgery can obscure visibility and access at subsequent abdominal or pelvic surgery.
  • In a very large study (29,790 participants), 35% of patients who underwent open abdominal or pelvic surgery were readmitted to the hospital an average of two times after their surgery due to adhesion-related or adhesion-suspected complications.

• Abdominopelvic Regions

  • Pain in this region is generally associated with colitis (inflammation of the large intestine) as well as pelvic inflammatory disease and ovarian cysts in females.
  • The perineum (the area beneath the hypogastric region at the bottom of the pelvic cavity) is sometimes considered to be a tenth division in this system.

• Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis

  • In the latter case, it is a systemic autoimmune disease.
  • Polymyositis ("inflammation of many muscles") is a type of chronic inflammation of the muscles (inflammatory myopathy).
  • Symptoms include pain, with marked weakness and loss of muscle mass in the proximal musculature, particularly in the shoulder and pelvic girdle.
  • Polymyositis is also associated with interstitial lung diseases.
  • Activated TH cells synthesize IFN-γ that stimulate further macrophages and further inflammatory mediator release like IL-1 and TNF-α.

• Prostate Disorders

  • Chronic non-bacterial prostatitis or male chronic pelvic pain syndrome (category III), which comprises about 95% of prostatitis diagnoses, is treated by a large variety of modalities including alpha blockers, phytotherapy, physical therapy, psychotherapy, antihistamines, anxiolytics, nerve modulators, surgery, and other treatments.
  • Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis, Category IV prostatitis, is observed in 6-19% of men when pus cells are detected in their semen without manifestation of clinical symptoms.
  • Other symptoms can potentially develop during later stages of the disease.

• Ankylosing Spondylitis

  • Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory, autoimmune disease that results in joint fusion in the vertebrae and the sacroiliac joint.
  • Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the axial skeleton with variable involvement of peripheral joints and nonarticular structures.
  • AS is a form of spondyloarthritis, a chronic, inflammatory arthritis and autoimmune disease.
  • However, only 5% of individuals with the HLA-B27 genotype contract the disease
  • Symptoms of the disease first appear, on average, at age 23 years.

• Endometriosis

  • The blood accumulates locally, causes swelling, and triggers inflammatory responses with the activation of cytokines, which itself may cause pain.
  • Symptoms may depend on the site of active endometriosis, but its main (not universal) symptom is pelvic pain in various manifestations.
  • chronic pelvic pain – typically accompanied by lower back pain and abdominal pain
  • There can be pain with ovulation, pain associated with adhesions, pain caused by inflammation in the pelvic cavity, pain during bowel movements and urination, during general bodily movement like exercise, pain from standing or walking, and pain with intercourse.
  • Endoscopic image of endometrial lesions at the peritoneum of the pelvic wall.