pain

Examples of pain in the following topics:

• Localization of Pain

  • Localization of pain is determined by whether the pain is superficial somatic, visceral, or deep somatic.
  • Nociceptive pain may also be divided into visceral, deep somatic, and superficial somatic pain.
  • Referred pain (also reflective pain) is pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus.
  • The pain related to a myocardial infarction could either be referred pain or pain radiating from the chest.
  • Referred pain occurs when the pain is located away from or adjacent to the organ involved.

• Endometriosis

  • Some women have little or no pain despite having extensive endometriosis with scarring, while others may have severe pain even though they have only a few small areas of endometriosis.
  • dysmenorrhea – painful, sometimes disabling cramps during menses, which may get worse over time (progressive pain), also lower back pain linked to the pelvis
  • chronic pelvic pain – typically accompanied by lower back pain and abdominal pain
  • In addition to pain during menstruation, the pain of endometriosis can occur at any time of the menstrual cycle.
  • There can be pain with ovulation, pain associated with adhesions, pain caused by inflammation in the pelvic cavity, pain during bowel movements and urination, during general bodily movement like exercise, pain from standing or walking, and pain with intercourse.

• Pain Sensation

  • Most pain resolves promptly once the painful stimulus is removed and the body has healed, but sometimes pain persists despite removal of the stimulus and apparent healing of the body.
  • This process, called nociception, usually causes the perception of pain.
  • Pain comes in two phases.
  • The pain associated with the Aδ fibers can be associated to an initial extremely sharp pain.
  • Nociceptive pain can be divided into visceral, deep somatic and superficial somatic pain.

• Joints and Aging

  • Joint pain occurs in all ages groups, but beomces more common as a person ages.
  • As people age, they are more prone to injuries that can also cause joint pain.
  • Inflammation is considered to be one of the most common causes of joint pain.
  • Many different remedies for joint pain are available.
  • Prescription pain medications can also be used to alleviate joint pain.

• Sciatic Nerve Injury

  • Sciatica pain may be felt in the lower back, buttocks, or along the leg and foot.
  • Pain caused by a compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve by a problem in the lower back is called sciatica.
  • The pain is felt in the lower back, buttock, or various parts of the leg and foot.
  • Pain can be severe in prolonged exposure to cold weather.
  • Although sciatica is a relatively common form of low back pain and leg pain, the true meaning of the term is often misunderstood.

• Fibromyalgia

  • Fibromyalgia is a medical disorder characterized by chronic widespread pain and a heightened and painful response to pressure.
  • Fibromyalgia is a medical disorder characterized by chronic widespread pain and allodynia, which is a heightened and painful response to pressure .
  • Though fibromyalgia is classically related to pain, other symptoms include fatigue, sleep disturbances, joint stiffness, bowel and bladder issues, and cognitive dysfunction .
  • Treatments include prescription pain medication, behavioral intervention, and exercise.
  • In fibromyalgia, patients often have specific points in the body where even small amounts of pressure cause pain, as indicated by the red dots.

• Patellofemoral Stress Syndrome

  • Patellofemoral pain syndrome is discomfort originating from the contact of the posterior of the patella (kneecap) with the femur.
  • Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a syndrome characterized by pain or discomfort seemingly originating from the contact of the posterior surface of the patella (back of the kneecap) with the femur (thigh bone).
  • Typically, patients will complain of localized anterior knee pain which is exacerbated by sports, walking, sitting for a long time, or stair climbing.
  • Patellofemoral pain syndrome may also result from overuse or overload of the PF joint.
  • For this reason, knee activity should be reduced until the pain is resolved.

• Phantom Limb Sensation

  • Phantom limb sensations include pain, itches, twitching, and feelings of gesturing.
  • Occasionally, the pain can be made worse by stress, anxiety, and weather changes.
  • Phantom limb pain is usually intermittent.
  • Phantom pains occur when nerves that would normally innervate the missing limb cause pain.
  • Instead, the patients' phantom pains increased.

• Bursitis

  • Many middle-aged individuals suffer from trochanteric bursitisis which adversely affects their hip movements and makes sleeping on their side painful.
  • When bursitis occurs, however, movements that rely on the inflamed bursa becomes difficult and painful.
  • Bursitis symptoms vary from local joint pain and stiffness to burning pain that surrounds the joint around the inflamed bursa.
  • In this condition, the pain usually is worse during and after activity.
  • Bursae that are not infected can be treated with rest, ice, elevation, physiotherapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, and pain medication.

• Paine's Common Sense

  • Thomas Paine wrote and reasoned in a style that common people understood.
  • This, Paine argues, is the best balance between government and society.
  • Paine identified two tyrannies in the English constitution: monarchical and aristocratic tyranny.
  • According to Paine, a constitutional monarchy does not limit the powers of kings sufficiently.
  • Evaluate how the writings of Thomas Paine shaped American thought at the start of the Revolution