optic cup

Examples of optic cup in the following topics:

• Development of Vision

  • The lens then acts as an inducer back to the optic vesicle to transform it into the optic cup and back to the epidermis to transform it into the cornea.
  • The optic cup then delaminates into two layers: the neural retina and the retinal pigment epithelium.
  • The periocular mesenchyme migrates inward during the formation of the optic cup and is critical for the induction of the retinal pigment epithelium and the optic nerve.
  • Iris is formed from the optic cup cells.
  • During embryonic development of the eye, the outer wall of the bulb of the optic vesicles becomes thickened and invaginated, and the bulb is thus converted into a cup, the optic cup.

• Sensory Registers

  • In the cup example, light reflecting off the cup hits my eye; the image is transferred through my optic nerve to the sensory register.
  • In fact, my cup is on my desk most of the day, and I see it without really "seeing" it many times during the day.

• Introduction

  • Information processing (IP) is a cognitive processing theory (see, Ashcraft, 1994).While other theories in this e-book are learning or instructional in nature, IP theory seeks to explain how the mind functions.Learning components such as rehearsal and elaboration are associated with IP; however, most emphasis is placed on understanding how information is processed rather than how learning happens.Another aspect of this theory is that it is explicitly analogous to a computer's processor.The basic IP model has three components: sensory register (SR), short-term memory (STM) or working memory, and long-term memory (LTM).The corresponding components of the computer are input devices or registers, the CPU, and hard drive storage, respectively.This metaphor is superficially valid, but as it is taken to its limits, the mechanical comparison breaks down.However, knowing that this model is a cognitive processing model and knowing that the model is based on an explicit metaphor with a computer is helpful in understanding IP theory.Let's start with the model and an example.As I write this, I see my cup on my desk.Let's follow this image through the system.The model is depicted below and shows the cup being processed.In the narrative that follows, I will refer back to this cup as it is being cognitively processed.
  • Caption: The illustration above represents my coffee cup example.Light reflects off the cup and into the eye.The image is then transferred through the optic nerve to the sensory register.From the sensory register, the image is moved into Short-term Memory (STM) as information about the cup is drawn from Long-term Memory (LTM).The process of elaboration occurs when information is retrieved from the LTM in order to link to the new information.I would like to thank Liyan Song for her work on the Flash model shown above.

• Optic (II) Nerve

  • The optic nerve is also known as cranial nerve II.
  • The optic nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves.
  • As a consequence, optic nerve damage produces irreversible blindness.
  • The optic nerve leaves the orbit, which is also known as an eye socket, via the optic canal, running posteromedially toward the optic chiasm, where there is a partial decussation (crossing) of fibers from the nasal visual fields of both eyes.
  • An illustration of the brain highlighting the optic nerve and optic tract.

• Statistical Literacy

  • This article (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2217230/Coffee-cancer-Six-cups-day-cuts-risk-womb-prostate-cancer.html?
  • Among the key findings were (a) women who drank four or more cups a day reduced their risk of endometrial cancer by 25% compared with those who drank less than one cup a day and (b) men who drank six or more cups had a 60% lower risk of developing the most deadly form of prostate cancer than those who drank less than one cup a day.
  • It would have been helpful if the article had reported the proportion of women drinking less than one cup a day who developed endometrial cancer as well as the analogous statistic for men and prostate cancer.

• Short-Term Memory

  • In the cup example, if I attend to the cup, it will be moved into STM.
  • At this point, it is difficult to talk about the cup in STM memory without referring to long-term memory (LTM).
  • For example, I might attend to the cup and think, "That's my cup.
  • I know it is my cup because it is the one that a potter friend of mine made for me.
  • I know that I poured that cup at 9:00 am.

• Lasers

  • A laser consists of a gain medium, a mechanism to supply energy to it, and something to provide optical feedback.
  • A laser consists of a gain medium, a mechanism to supply energy to it, and something to provide optical feedback (usually an optical cavity).
  • When a gain medium is placed in an optical cavity, a laser can then produce a coherent beam of photons.
  • The gain medium is where the optical amplification process occurs.
  • The most common type of laser uses feedback from an optical cavity--a pair of highly reflective mirrors on either end of the gain medium.

• Volume

  • Measuring cups, as seen in , work by taking a known cross sectional area of a cup and multiplying that by a variable height.
  • Thus a measuring cup can accurately measure the volume of a liquid, whereas a gas will always fill the entire container, more or less uniformly, no matter how little gas there is.
  • A measuring cup can be used to measure volumes of liquids.
  • This cup measures volume in units of cups, fluid ounces and millilitres.

• Problems

  • At $t=t_0$ the sphere is optically thin.
  • What is the total luminosity of the sphere as a function of $M_0, R(t)$ and $T_0$while the sphere is optically thin?
  • What is the luminosity of the sphere as a function of time after it becomes optically thick in terms of $M_0, R(t)$ and $T_0$?
  • Give an implicit relation in terms of $R(t)$ for the time $t_1$ when the sphere becomes optically thick.

• Enhancement of Microscopy

  • In this section we will discuss both optical and electron microscopy.
  • You have probably used an optical microscope in a high school science class.
  • In optical microscopy, light reflected from an object passes through the microscope's lenses; this magnifies the light.
  • Although this type of microscopy has many limitations, there are several techniques that use properties of light and optics to enhance the magnified image:
  • Electron microscopes use electron beams to achieve higher resolutions than are possible in optical microscopy.