Non-excludable

Examples of Non-excludable in the following topics:

• The Free-Rider Problem

  • Public goods, as you may recall, are both non-rivalrous and non-excludable.
  • It is the second trait- the non-excludability- that leads to what is called the free-rider problem.
  • Since public goods are non-excludable, free-riders not only can't be prevented from using the good, but actually have an incentive to continue to free-ride.
  • National security is a public good: it is both non-rivalrous and non-excludable.
  • Free riders are able to use roads without paying their taxes because roads are a non-excludable public good.

• Public Goods

  • Individuals cannot be excluded from using a public good, and one individual's use of it does not limit its availability to others.
  • A public good is a good that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous.
  • This means that individuals cannot be effectively excluded from its use, and use by one individual does not reduce its availability to others.
  • Pure public goods are those that are perfectly non-rivalrous in consumption and non-excludable.
  • It is non-excludable and non-rival in consumption.

• Defining a Good

  • National defense provides an example of a good that is non-excludable.
  • Common goods: Common goods are non-excludable and rival.
  • Club goods: Club goods are excludable but non-rival.
  • Non-payers can be prevented from access to the goods.
  • Public goods: Public goods are non-excludable and non-rival.

• Van der Waals Equation

  • The van der Waals equation modifies the Ideal Gas Law to correct for the excluded volume of gas particles and intermolecular attractions.
  • Derived by Johannes Diderik van der Waals in 1873, the van der Waals equation modifies the Ideal Gas Law; it predicts the properties of real gases by describing particles of non-zero volume governed by pairwise attractive forces.
  • The b term represents the excluded volume of the gas or the volume occupied by the gas particles.
  • Additional models have been subsequently introduced to more accurately predict the behavior of non-ideal gases.

• Debt to Equity

  • Quoted ratios can even exclude the current portion of the LTD.
  • Financial analysts and stock market quotes will generally not include other types of liabilities, such as accounts payable, although some will make adjustments to include or exclude certain items from the formal financial statements.
  • Adjustments are sometimes also made, for example, to exclude intangible assets, and this will affect the formal equity; debt to equity (dequity) will therefore also be affected.
  • The debt-to-total assets (D/A) is defined asD/A = total liabilities / total assets = debt / (debt + equity + non-financial liabilities)

• Key Terms

  • However, in practice among non-statisticians, "average" is commonly accepted for "arithmetic mean. "
  • The parameter is the average (mean) amount of money spent (excluding books) by first year college students at ABC College this term.
  • The statistic is the average (mean) amount of money spent (excluding books) by first year college students in the sample.
  • The variable could be the amount of money spent (excluding books) by one first year student.
  • Let X = the amount of money spent (excluding books) by one first year student attending ABC College.

• Real Gases

  • Equations other than the Ideal Gas Law model the non-ideal behavior of real gases at high pressures and low temperatures.
  • The Ideal Gas Law assumes that a gas is composed of randomly moving, non-interacting point particles.
  • b is an empirically determined factor that corrects for the excluded volume of gas particles; it is specific for each gas
  • Note that for an ideal gas, PV=nRT, and Z will equal 1; under non-ideal conditions, however, Z deviates from unity.
  • Describe the five factors that lead to non-ideal behavior in gases and relate these to the two most common models for real gases

• Progressivism for Whites Only

  • African-Americans, immigrants from Asia, and Native Americans were largely excluded from the focus of Progressive reform.
  • In cases where a particular restriction was overruled by the Supreme Court in the early 20th century, states quickly devised new methods of excluding most blacks from voting, such as the white primary.
  • Although racism manifested in many forms throughout the Progressive Era, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) mounted perhaps one of the most organized and concerted efforts of xenophobic legislation against non-white immigration during this period.
  • For instance, the AFL sanctioned the maintenance of segregated locals within its affiliates — particularly in the construction and railroad industries — a practice which often excluded black workers altogether from union membership and thus from employment in organized industries.
  • Editorial cartoon showing a Chinese man being excluded from entry to the "Golden Gate of Liberty."

• Times-Interest-Earned Ratio

  • EBIT is a measure of a firm's profit that excludes interest and income tax expenses.
  • When a firm does not have non-operating income, then operating income is sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit.

• Values

  • If a group member expresses a value that is in serious conflict with the group's norms, the group's authority may encourage conformity or stigmatize the non-conforming behavior of its members .
  • Punk social groups are often considered marginal and are excluded from certain mainstream social spaces.