meta-analysis

Examples of meta-analysis in the following topics:

• Research Methods for Evaluating Treatment Efficacy

  • A meta-analysis comprises statistical methods for contrasting and combining results from different treatment-focused studies in the hope of identifying patterns among study results, sources of disagreement among those results, or other interesting relationships that may come to light in the context of multiple studies.
  • Meta-analysis can be thought of as "conducting research about previous research" in order to gain a better understanding of the effectiveness of different therapeutic approaches.
  • Many meta-analyses have been used to explore the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
  • For example, one large-scale study that examined 16 meta-analyses of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) reported that it was as effective as, or more effective than, other therapies in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder, depression, and social phobia (Butlera, Chapmanb, Formanc, & Becka, 2006).
  • Another meta-analysis found that psychodynamic therapy was also as effective at treating these types of psychological issues as CBT (Shedler, 2010).

• Direct Lobbying

  • Meta-analysis reveals that direct lobbying is often used alongside grassroots lobbying.

• Cohen's d

  • Among other uses, effect size measures play an important role in meta-analysis studies that summarize findings from a specific area of research, and in statistical power analyses.
  • In meta-analysis, standardized effect sizes are used as a common measure that can be calculated for different studies and then combined into an overall summary.
  • Reporting only the significant $p$-value from this analysis could be misleading if a correlation of $0.1$ is too small to be of interest in a particular application.

• Working from Home

  • A meta-analysis of 46 studies on telecommuting by Ravi Gajendran and David A.
  • The meta-analysis found generally no detrimental effects on the quality of workplace relationships and career outcomes.

• Religion and Social Support

  • An analysis of over 200 studies contends that high religiousness predicts a lower risk of depression, a lower risk of drug abuse, fewer suicide attempts.
  • A meta-analysis of 34 recent studies published between 1990 and 2001 found that religiosity has a salutary relationship with psychological adjustment.

• Psychodynamic and Psychoanalytic Therapy

  • Meta-analyses in 2012 and 2013 found evidence for the efficacy of psychoanalytic therapy; other meta-analyses published in recent years showed psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy to be effective, with outcomes comparable to or greater than other kinds of psychotherapy or antidepressant drugs.
  • It used a meta-analysis of numerous other studies to find whether the method was "proven" or "presumed" to be effective in the treatment of different diseases.

• Critical Thinking

  • The list of core critical thinking skills includes observation, interpretation, analysis, inference, evaluation, explanation, and meta-cognition.
  • Critical thinking is an inherent part of data analysis and statistical literacy.

• Age and Gender

  • Finally, recent studies and meta analyses reveal that two primary elements in this relationship include men's occupational risk taking combined with women's greater willingness to seek healthcare.
  • In fact, such analysis have noted that the age gap appears to be shrinking, and some suggest this is likely do to both more women entering traditionally male-dominated occupational fields, and more men becoming active in their approach to healthcare access.

• Electrophilic Substitution of Disubstituted Benzene Rings

  • The first three examples have two similar directing groups in a meta-relationship to each other.
  • Substitution reactions of compounds having an antagonistic orientation of substituents require a more careful analysis.
  • Example 6 is interesting in that it demonstrates the conversion of an activating ortho/para-directing group into a deactivating meta-directing "onium" cation [–NH(CH3)2(+)] in a strong acid environment.

• Using Metacommentary to Clarify and Elaborate

  • Meta-discussion is a discussion of the nature of a conversation, such as the style and participants of a discussion.
  • Meta-discussion can help us understand why a particular text is important.
  • Accordingly, meta-discussion secured a place for Duchamp's urinal in the annals of art history.
  • Academic writers frequently legitimize their arguments by engaging in meta-discussion.
  • In academic meta-discussion, it is important to use specific sources and cite them in the paper.