map projection

Examples of map projection in the following topics:

• Mapping the Earth

  • We reduce the complexity of the Earth and its inhabitants so we can portray them on a map by selecting the most relevant features for our specific project and then generalizing those features.
  • If the geographic extent of your project area is small, like a neighborhood or a portion of a city, you can assume that the Earth is flat in making your map.
  • Map projections are what enable the reshaping of the Earth through mathematically transformations of spherical coordinates (x, y, and z) into 2-dimensional (x and y) space.
  • Different map projections cause different distortions.
  • One way to classify map projections is to describe them by the characteristic they do not distort.

• Constituency

  • Looking at the maps of congressional districts it is obvious that some districts are far from uniform.
  • The more complicated shapes on the map might be a result of gerrymandering.
  • This practice is when members will use their influence in Congress to gain support for local projects such as new lucrative construction projects.
  • This map shows the boundaries for the U.S.

• Learning Styles

  • A group of four city planners in Boston is working on a project to improve the methods of repairing streets.
  • The final stage of their project is to determine how to educate the city's employees on these improvements.
  • Jessica believes that showing maps of where the various sidewalks in various states of decay would be helpful.

• Conclusion: Implications for Teaching and Learning

  • Two recommended concept mapping tools are Inspiration (http://www.inspiration.com/) and IHMC Concept Mapping Software or C-Map (http://cmap.coginst.uwf.edu/).
  • Concept maps created in C-Map can be shared across a network.
  • Sample concept maps and background information about concept mapping are available at the C-Map web site.
  • The curriculum projects are designed to meet standards for grades 5-12.
  • Teachers may explore new projects and grade students' work on the Web.

• Planning a Project

  • Planning and design: Planning and design brings the project under the microscope by assessing the smaller details.
  • This stage is the most strategic in nature, mapping out the business processes in sufficient detail to effectively accomplish the required objectives.
  • Closing: The project-management cycle ends with the determination that the project no longer captures value and should be harvested or divested.
  • Therefore, the project cycle is closed.
  • This step-by-step process highlights each feasible stage in the project-management cycle.

• Motor Areas

  • The majority of neurons in the motor cortex project to the spinal cord synapse on interneuron circuitry in the spinal cord.
  • Various experiments examining the motor cortex map showed that each point in motor cortex influences a range of muscles and joints, indicating significant overlapping in the map.

• Basic Map Types

  • Below are some of the most frequently used kinds of thematic maps.
  • Dot maps use dots to show comparative densities of features over a base map.
  • As do dot maps, graduated symbol maps use symbols that occur at points across a map.
  • Choropleth maps are the most common and easily recognized of the thematic maps.
  • Like graduated symbol maps, choropleth maps can be proportional or range-graded variations.

• Physical Maps and Integration with Genetic Maps

  • Physical maps display the physical distance between genes and can be constructed using cytogenetic, radiation hybrid, or sequence mapping.
  • There are three methods used to create a physical map: cytogenetic mapping, radiation hybrid mapping, and sequence mapping.
  • Sequence mapping resulted from DNA sequencing technology that allowed for the creation of detailed physical maps with distances measured in terms of the number of base pairs.
  • Genetic maps provide the outline and physical maps provide the details.
  • Describe the methods used to physically map genes: cytogenetic mapping, radiation hybrid mapping, and sequence mapping

• Distortions of Space and Foreshortening

  • Perspective projection distortion is the inevitable misrepresentation of three-dimensional space when drawn or "projected" onto a two-dimensional surface.
  • The most common of these is perspective projection.
  • In photography, the projection mechanism is light reflected from an object.
  • The apparent effect is that of an image which has been mapped around a sphere (or barrel).
  • Fisheye lenses, which take hemispherical views, utilize this type of distortion as a way to map an infinitely wide object plane into a finite image area.

• Perceptual Mapping

  • Perceptual maps commonly have two dimensions even though they are capable of having several.
  • Many perceptual maps also display consumers' ideal points.
  • Perceptual maps need not come from a detailed study.
  • There are also intuitive maps (also called judgmental maps or consensus maps) that are created by marketers based on their understanding of their industry.
  • A combination map allows companies to find a space that has unmet consumer desires.