longitudinal design

Examples of longitudinal design in the following topics:

• Methods for Researching Human Development

  • These include longitudinal, cross-sectional, sequential, and microgenetic designs.
  • Longitudinal studies often require large amounts of time and funding, making them unfeasible in some situations.
  • Cross-sequential designs combine both longitudinal and cross-sectional design methodologies.
  • Microgenetic design studies the same cohort over a short period of time.
  • In contrast to longitudinal and cross-sectional designs, which provide broad outlines of the process of change, microgenetic designs provide an in-depth analysis of children's behavior while it is changing.

• Surveys

  • A successive-independent-samples design draws multiple random samples from a population at one or more times.
  • A study following a longitudinal design takes measure of the same random sample at multiple time points.
  • Unlike with a successive independent samples design, this design measures the differences in individual participants’ responses over time.
  • However, longitudinal studies are both expensive and difficult to do.
  • Researchers must carefully design survey questions to ensure they receive accurate and unbiased results.

• Inputs

  • The main inputs of forecasting include time series, cross-sectional and longitudinal data, or using judgmental methods.
  • Both might refer to formal statistical methods employing time series, cross-sectional or longitudinal data, or less formal judgmental methods.
  • Because of this benefit, longitudinal studies make observing changes more accurate, and they are applied in various other fields.
  • In medicine, the design is used to uncover predictors of certain diseases.
  • In advertising, the design is used to identify the changes that adverts have produced in the attitudes and behaviors of those within the target audience who have seen the advertising campaign.

• Repeated Measures Design

  • Repeated measures design (also known as "within-subjects design") uses the same subjects with every condition of the research, including the control.
  • For instance, repeated measures are collected in a longitudinal study in which change over time is assessed.
  • Study changes in participants' behavior over time: Repeated measures designs allow researchers to monitor how the participants change over the passage of time, both in the case of long-term situations like longitudinal studies and in the much shorter-term case of order effects.
  • An example of a test using a repeated measures design to test the effects of caffeine on cognitive function.
  • Evaluate the significance of repeated measures design given its advantages and disadvantages

• Longitudinal Waves

  • An example of a longitudinal wave is a sound wave.
  • Some longitudinal waves are also called compressional waves or compression waves.
  • Like transverse waves, longitudinal waves do not displace mass.
  • Longitudinal waves can sometimes also be conceptualized as pressure waves.
  • A compressed Slinky is an example of a longitudinal wave.

• Longitudinal and Transverse Waves

  • Sound waves are longitudinal waves.
  • As it comes from behind you, a transverse waves lifts you up and then drops down; a longitudinal wave coming from behind pushes you forward and pulls you back.
  • single particles being disturbed by a transverse wave or by a longitudinal wave (http://cnx.org/content/m13246/latest/Pulses.swf);
  • (There were also some nice animations of longitudinal waves available as of this writing at Musemath. )
  • The "highs and lows" of sound waves and other longitudinal waves are arranged in the "forward" direction.

• Functions of the Cerebellum in Integrating Movements

  • As Eccles, Ito, and Szentágothai wrote, "This elimination in the design of all possibility of reverberatory chains of neuronal excitation is undoubtedly a great advantage in the performance of the cerebellum as a computer, because what the rest of the nervous system requires from the cerebellum is presumably not some output expressing the operation of complex reverberatory circuits in the cerebellum, but rather a quick and clear response to the input of any particular set of information. "
  • Because of the way that they are lined up longitudinally, the 1,000 or so Purkinje cells belonging to a microzone may receive input from as many as 100 million parallel fibers and focus their own output down to a group of less than 50 deep nuclear cells.
  • A "zone" is a longitudinally oriented strip of the cortex, and a "microzone" is a thin, longitudinally oriented portion of a zone.

• Muscularis

  • The muscularis externa consists of an inner circular layer and a longitudinal outer muscular layer.
  • The circular muscle layer prevents food from traveling backward and the longitudinal layer shortens the tract.
  • The layers are not truly longitudinal or circular, rather the layers of muscle are helical with different pitches.
  • The inner circular is helical with a steep pitch and the outer longitudinal is helical with a much shallower pitch.
  • The outer longitudinal layer of the colon thins out into three discontinuous longitudinal bands known as tiniae coli (bands of the colon).

• ANOVA Design

  • Many statisticians base ANOVA on the design of the experiment, especially on the protocol that specifies the random assignment of treatments to subjects.
  • Many statisticians base ANOVA on the design of the experiment, especially on the protocol that specifies the random assignment of treatments to subjects.
  • Some popular designs use the following types of ANOVA.
  • Repeated measures ANOVA is used when the same subjects are used for each treatment (e.g., in a longitudinal study).
  • Consequently, factorial designs are heavily used.

• Anatomy of the Small Intestine

  • It has a lining which is designed to absorb carbohydrates and proteins.
  • Layers of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle enable the digested food to be pushed along the ileum by waves of muscle contractions called peristalsis.