localization

Examples of localization in the following topics:

• Financing State and Local Government

  • Taxes are the primary source of revenue for state and local governments; income, property, and sales taxes are common examples of state and local taxes.
  • Taxes are important to federal, state, and local governments.
  • Income taxes are taxes imposed on the net income of individuals and corporations by the federal, most state, and some local governments.
  • State and local income tax rates vary widely by jurisdiction and many are graduated, or increase progressively as income levels increase.
  • Property taxes are imposed by most local governments and many special purpose authorities based on the fair market value of property.

• The Powers of Local Government

  • Powers of local governments are defined by state rather than federal law, and states have adopted a variety of systems of local government.
  • The states have adopted a wide variety of systems of local government.
  • The categories of local government established in this Census of Governments is a convenient basis for understanding local government: county governments, town or township governments, municipal governments and special-purpose local governments.
  • Depending on state law and local circumstance, a township may or may not be incorporated, and the degree of authority over local government services may vary greatly.
  • Distinguish among the various types and levels of local government within the States

• Nationalization of the News

  • While local news is still available, it is becoming increasingly nationalized and local outlets are being purchased larger, national networks.
  • Nationalization of the news refers to the modern phenomenon of the decline of local news networks and the increase in power of national news networks.
  • In the early days, local newscasts were seen more as a public service.
  • The news block was divided into local, national and international stories.
  • Modern day news is now seen as a competition, and the stations must compete for relevance in the local market.

• Colonial Government

  • In the colonies, governance was primarily conducted at the local level, with local white male populations participating extensively in politics.
  • American colonial governments were a local enterprise rooted deeply in communities.
  • Participation in local courts was very high in the colonies.
  • Widespread participation in local community governments was also distinctive of the American colonies.
  • Local politics was entwined with local commercial development and with land grants, subsidies, and entrepreneurial incentives stemming from government grants and incentives.

• Concavity and the Second Derivative Test

  • The second derivative test is a criterion for determining whether a given critical point is a local maximum or a local minimum.
  • In calculus, the second derivative test is a criterion for determining whether a given critical point of a real function of one variable is a local maximum or a local minimum using the value of the second derivative at the point.
  • If $f''(x) < 0$ then f(x) has a local maximum at $x$.
  • If $f''(x) > 0$ then f(x) has a local minimum at $x$.
  • Now, by the first derivative test, $f(x)$ has a local minimum at $x$.

• Federal Mandates

  • Federal Mandates are used to implement activities to state and local governments since the post-New Deal era.
  • During the 1970s, the national government promoted education, mental health, and environmental programs by implementing grant projects at a state and local level.
  • The increase of mandates in the 1980s and 1990s incited state and local protest.
  • As of 1992, there were 172 federal mandates that obligated state or local governments to fund programs to some extent.
  • During the Reagan Administration, Executive Order 12291 and the State and Local Cost Estimate Act of 1981 were passed.

• Maximum and Minimum Values

  • The second partial derivative test is a method used to determine whether a critical point is a local minimum, maximum, or saddle point.
  • If $M(a,b)>0$ and $f_{xx}(a,b)>0$, then $(a,b)$ is a local minimum of $f$.
  • If M(a,b)>0M(a,b)>0 and fxx(a,b)<0f_{xx}(a,b)<0, then $(a,b)$ is a local maximum of $f$.
  • Its only critical point is at $(0,0)$, which is a local minimum with $f(0,0) = 0$.
  • Apply the second partial derivative test to determine whether a critical point is a local minimum, maximum, or saddle point

• Local Regulation of Blood Flow

  • Blood flow is regulated locally in the arterioles and capillaries using smooth muscle contraction, hormones, oxygen, and changes in pH.
  • This regulation can be systemic, affecting the whole of the circulatory system, or localized to specific tissues or organs.
  • As such arterioles are the main part of the circulatory system in which local control of blood flow occurs.
  • Local responses to stretch, carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen also influence smooth muscle tone and thus vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

• Devolution

  • Devolution is the statutory granting of powers from central government to government at a regional, local, or state level.
  • Devolution is the statutory granting of powers from central government to government at a regional, local, or state level.
  • Theoretically, a state could abolish all local governments within its borders.
  • In most cases, U.S. state legislatures have the power to change laws that affect local government.
  • The governor of some states may also have power over local government affairs.

• Relative Minima and Maxima

  • If a function has more than one, we say it has local maxima.  
  • The plural form is local minima.
  • The local maximum is the y-coordinate at $x=1$ which is $2$.
  • The local minimum is the y-coordinate $x=-1$which is $-2$.
  • The local minimum is at the $y$-value of−16 and it occurs when $x=2$.