Examples of live vaccine in the following topics:
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- Vaccinations prevent viruses from spreading by building immunity to the virus.
- Vaccines may be prepared using live viruses, killed viruses, or molecular subunits of the virus.
- Live viral vaccines are designed in the laboratory to cause few symptoms in recipients while giving them protective immunity against future infections.
- The danger of using live vaccines, which are usually more effective than killed vaccines, is low, but significant since the possibility that these viruses will revert to their disease-causing form by back mutations is still present.
- Live vaccines are usually made by attenuating (weakening) the "wild-type" (disease-causing) virus by growing it in the laboratory in tissues or at temperatures different from what the virus is accustomed to in the host.
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- Vaccines are biological products with biological effects.
- Immunocompromised individuals have generally been discouraged from receiving live-virus vaccines.
- Some speculate that children with metabolic disorders might be prone to vaccine side effects.
- Safer vaccines and manufacturing processes are also in the works.
- These include current smallpox vaccines that cannot safely be given to immunocompromised people; the tuberculosis vaccine, which is not recommended for HIV-positive infants; and the yellow-fever vaccine, which puts elderly people at particular risk of a yellow-fever-like illness.
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- Vaccination is a proven way to prevent and even eradicate widespread outbreaks of life-threatening infectious diseases.
- Some vaccinations are composed of live suspensions of weak or attenuated cells or viruses, deadened cells or viruses, or extracted bacterial products such as the toxoids used to immunize against diphtheria and tetanus.
- Another consideration is that the newer vaccination programs also protect older age groups.
- By these vaccinated children not contracting these diseases, their parents, grandparents, friends and relatives (not vaccinated against these diseases themselves) will also be protected.
- Describe how active immunity to diseases can be acquired by natural exposure or by vaccination
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- Artificial active immunity is the result of immunization from vaccination.
- During vaccination, the body is exposed to a weakened form of a pathogen that contains the same antigens as the live pathogen, but cannot mount an infection against the body in its weakened state.
- Unlike active immunity, passive immunity is short lived (often only for a few month), because it does not involve the production and upkeep of memory cells.
- Because passive immunity is short lived, vaccination is often required shortly following birth to prevent diseases such as tuberculosis, hepatitis B, polio, and pertussis; however, maternal antibodies can inhibit the induction of protective vaccine responses throughout the first year of life.
- It is also used in the treatment of several types of severe acute infections that have no vaccine, such as the Ebola virus.
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- Vaccination generally involves injecting weak live, killed, or inactivated forms of viruses or their toxins into the person being immunized.
- The bacteria can continue to live a healthy life, though genetic engineering and human intervention has actively manipulated what the bacteria actually is.
- Despite the early success demonstrated with the hepatitis B vaccine, no other recombinant engineered vaccine has been approved for use in humans.
- It is unlikely that a recombinant vaccine will be developed to replace an existing licensed human vaccine with a proven record of safety and efficacy.
- Genetically engineered subunit vaccines are more costly to manufacture than conventional vaccines, since the antigen must be purified to a higher standard than was demanded of older, conventional vaccines.
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- Immunological memory refers to the ability of B and T cells to produce cells that become long-lived memory cells against specific pathogens.
- The passive immunity is short-lived, ranging from a couple days to a couple months.
- Over the course of vaccine development, they have saved countless lives, so that diseases like rubella and polio are not the widespread causes of disability that they once were.
- Despite the effectiveness of vaccines, methods do not yet exist to develop vaccines for every pathogens.
- Many parasitic pathogens, such as the plasmodium protist that causes malaria, haven't successfully been vaccinated against because it is challenging to develop a vaccine that is strong enough to stimulate an immune response (sufficient immunogenicity) without causing a live infection.
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- Immediate environment in which a microbial population lives is its habitat
- All the living organisms and the non-living things in their environment is a ecosystem.
- WOW a living organism can distinguish the chirality of a carbon!!!!
- 1. 1885 first rabies vaccine to human to a kid who had been bitten by a rabid dog.
- He lived (at this time rabid animal bites killed you) so people from all over started traveling to Paris to get his vaccine.
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- Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when a person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and then develops immunity.
- Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response.
- In a similar manner, administration of two doses of hepatitis A vaccine generates an acquired active immune response leading to long-lasting (possibly lifelong) protection.
- Immunization (commonly referred to as vaccination) is the deliberate induction of an immune response, and represents the single most effective manipulation of the immune system that scientists have developed .
- Immunization (commonly referred to as vaccination) is the deliberate induction of an immune response, and represents the single most effective manipulation of the immune system that scientists have developed.
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- The initial infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes the acute (short-lived) illness chickenpox which generally occurs in children and young people.
- It has become common practice to vaccinate children against the virus that causes both chickenpox and shingles.
- Once vaccinated, most children will not become infected with the varicella zoster virus if exposed, and subsequently will not develop shingles later in life.
- Vaccination after an individual has had chickenpox still reduces the risk of later developing shingles.
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- New vaccines are being developed to control recent infectious disease epidemics and cancers.
- A number of new vaccines with major potential for controlling infectious diseases have just been licensed or are at advanced stages of development.
- Continuing intensive efforts are under way to develop effective vaccines for AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, dengue, leishmaniasis, and enteric diseases, among others and to adapt new technologies to improve formulation and delivery.
- Gardasil is a human papillomavirus vaccine on the market and it protects against HPV-16 and HPV-18 which cause 70% of cervical cancers, 80% of anal cancers, 60% of vaginal cancers, and 40% of vulvar cancers.
- Describe how new vaccines are being developed to help eradicate several infectious global diseases