Literary Digest

Examples of Literary Digest in the following topics:

• The Literary Digest Poll

  • The Literary Digest was an influential general interest weekly magazine published by Funk & Wagnalls.
  • By 1927, The Literary Digest climbed to a circulation of over one million.
  • The Literary Digest is best-remembered today for the circumstances surrounding its demise.
  • Cover of the February 19, 1921 edition of The Literary Digest.
  • Critique the problems with the techniques used by the Literary Digest Poll

• Early Public Opinion Research and Polling

  • In 1916, the Literary Digest embarked on a national survey, partly as a circulation-raising exercise, and correctly predicted Woodrow Wilson's election as president .
  • Mailing out millions of postcards and simply counting the returns, the Digest correctly predicted the victories of Warren Harding in 1920, Calvin Coolidge in 1924, Herbert Hoover in 1929, and Franklin Roosevelt in 1932.
  • The Literary Digest was ignorant of this new bias.
  • The Literary Digest soon went out of business, while polling started to take off.

• The Importance of Accuracy

  • The importance of accuracy may be illustrated through the example of the Literary Digest Roosevelt-Landon presidential election poll.
  • After correctly predicting the victories of Warren Harding in 1920, Calvin Coolidge in 1924, Herbert Hoover in 1929, and Franklin Roosevelt in 1932, the Literary Digest had established itself as a well-known and well-respected publication.
  • In 1936, the Digest conducted their presidential poll with 2.3 million voters, a huge sample size.
  • The Literary Digest was ignorant of this new bias.
  • The Literary Digest lost its reputation for accuracy and the trust of the readers and soon went out of business.

• References

  • Squire, P. (1988) Why the 1936 Literary Digest poll failed.

• The Election of 1936

  • The Literary Digest, a publication that had correctly predicted the winner of the previous five elections, announced in its October 31 issue that  Landon would be the winner with 370 electoral votes.
  • In response to the Literary Digest's poll, George Gallup, an American pioneer of survey sampling techniques, conducted and published his own surveys.
  • He predicted both Roosevelt's victory (although his survey's results did not correctly predict the scale of Roosevelt's victory) and that the Digest's results were wrong.

• Invertebrate Digestive Systems

  • Invertebrates can be classified as those that use intracellular digestion and those with extracellular digestion.
  • The simplest example of digestion intracellular digestion, which takes place in a gastrovascular cavity with only one opening.
  • The alimentary canal is a more advanced digestive system than a gastrovascular cavity and carries out extracellular digestion.
  • Because the food has been broken down exterior to the cells, this type of digestion is called extracellular digestion.
  • Their food is broken down in their digestive tract (extracellular digestion), rather than inside their individual cells (intracellular digestion).

• Painting in the Vijayanagar Empire

  • This pictorial digest is a compendium of illustrations of gods, goddesses, and mythological figures with instructions to painters on an incredible range of topics concerning composition placement, color choice, individual attributes, and mood.
  • Other Sanskrit literary sources such as the Visnudharmottara Purana, Abhilasitarthacintamani, and Sivatatvaratnakara also highlight the objectives and principles of painting, methods of preparing pigments, brushes, qualifications of the chitrakar (the traditional community of painters), and the technique to be followed.

• Literary Naturalism

  • Naturalism was a literary movement that used realism to explore the effects of heredity and social environment on human character.
  • Naturalism was a literary movement taking place from roughly 1880 to 1940 that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character.
  • Naturalism is the outgrowth of literary realism , a prominent literary movement in mid-19th-century France and elsewhere.
  • Naturalistic works often include uncouth or sordid subject matter; for example, the works of Émile Zola, the most renowned literary naturalist, had a frankness about sexuality along with a pervasive pessimism .
  • A strong characteristic of literary naturalism is the author's detachment from the story and the attempt to maintain a tone that will be experienced as 'objective' by the reader.

• Chemical Digestion of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

  • Chemical breakdown of macromolecules contained in food is completed by various enzymes produced in the digestive system.
  • The digestive enzymes, however, are secreted mainly as their inactive precursors, the zymogens.
  • Sucrose digestion yields the sugars fructose and glucose, which are readily absorbed by the small intestine.
  • Digestion of certain fats begins in the mouth, where lingual lipase breaks down short chain lipids into diglycerides.
  • Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results in three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule.

• Analyzing Poetry

  • But every literary work had an author and an audience, and both are deeply influenced by a particular place and time.
  • This means that a literary work—in its form and/or content—resembles other literary works.
  • When we focus on similar content, we are either discussing allusions—intended references to another literary image—or archetypes, images or characters that appear so frequently they are less the domain of one author than part of a common literary heritage.
  • Chief question: How is this literary work like/unlike other literary works?
  • That means every literary work presents actions/beliefs for us to applaud or denounce.