Examples of lagging strand in the following topics:
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- DNA polymerase cannot initiate new strand synthesis; it only adds new nucleotides at the 3' end of an existing strand.
- The "lagging strand" is synthesized in the direction away from the replication fork and away from the DNA helicase unwinds.
- This lagging strand is synthesized in pieces because the DNA polymerase can only synthesize in the 5' to 3' direction, and so it constantly encounters the previously-synthesized new strand.
- Eventually, the leading strand of one replication bubble reaches the lagging strand of another bubble, and the lagging strand will reach the 5' end of the previous Okazaki fragment in the same bubble.
- On the leading strand, only a single RNA primer is needed, and DNA is synthesized continuously, whereas on the lagging strand, DNA is synthesized in short stretches, each of which must start with its own RNA primer.
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- Single-strand binding proteins coat the strands of DNA near the replication fork to prevent the single-stranded DNA from winding back into a double helix.
- The other strand (the lagging strand), complementary to the 5' to 3' parental DNA, is extended away from the replication fork in small fragments known as Okazaki fragments, each requiring a primer to start the synthesis.
- The leading strand can be extended by one primer alone, whereas the lagging strand needs a new primer for each of the short Okazaki fragments.
- The overall direction of the lagging strand will be 3' to 5', while that of the leading strand will be 5' to 3'.
- On the leading strand, DNA is synthesized continuously, whereas on the lagging strand, DNA is synthesized in short stretches called Okazaki fragments.
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- Slipped strand mispairing (SSM) is a process that produces mispairing of short repeat sequences during DNA synthesis.
- Slipped strand mispairing (SSM) is a process that produces mispairing of short repeat sequences between the mother and daughter strand during DNA synthesis.
- This RecA-independent mechanism can transpire during either DNA replication or DNA repair and can be on the leading or lagging strand and can result in an increase or decrease in the number of short repeat sequences.
- Explain how slipped-strand mispairing can be used as a mechanism to regulate gene expression
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- After DNA replication, each newly synthesized DNA strand is shorter at its 5' end than at the parental DNA strand's 5' end.
- Therefore, both daughter DNA strands have an incomplete 5' strand with 3' overhang.
- Once the 3' end of the lagging strand template is sufficiently elongated, DNA polymerase adds the complementary nucleotides to the ends of the chromosomes; thus, the ends of the chromosomes are replicated.
- Parental DNA strands are black, newly synthesized DNA strands are blue, and RNA primers are red.
- This means that each newly-synthesized DNA strand is shorter at its 5' end than the equivalent strand in the parental DNA.
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- Complementary primary nucleotide structures for each strand allowed intra-strand hydrogen bonding between each pair of bases.
- SSB: A single-strand binding-protein stabilizes the separated strands, and prevents them from recombining, so that the polymerization chemistry can function on the individual strands.
- This continuously formed new strand is called the leading strand.
- This new DNA strand is called the lagging strand.
- A given length of double stranded DNA may undergo strand unwinding at numerous sites in response to promoter actions.
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- Cultural lag can occur when technological innovation outpaces cultural adaptation.
- The term cultural lag refers to the notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, and that social problems and conflicts are caused by this lag.
- This delay is the cultural lag.
- Cultural lag creates problems for a society in different ways.
- As example of cultural lag is human embryonic stem cells.
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- The two strands of the helix run in opposite directions, so that the 5′ carbon end of one strand faces the 3′ carbon end of its matching strand.
- If the sequence of one strand is AATTGGCC, the complementary strand would have the sequence TTAACCGG.
- During DNA replication, each strand is copied, resulting in a daughter DNA double helix containing one parental DNA strand and a newly synthesized strand.
- Each base from one strand interacts via hydrogen bonding with a base from the opposing strand.
- In a double stranded DNA molecule, the two strands run antiparallel to one another so that one strand runs 5′ to 3′ and the other 3′ to 5′.
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- DNA replication uses a semi-conservative method that results in a double-stranded DNA with one parental strand and a new daughter strand.
- The double-stranded structure of DNA suggested that the two strands might separate during replication with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand for each is copied, generating two double-stranded molecules from one.
- In semi-conservative replication, each of the two parental DNA strands would act as a template for new DNA strands to be synthesized, but after replication, each parental DNA strand would basepair with the complementary newly-synthesized strand just synthesized, and both double-stranded DNAs would include one parental or "old" strand and one daughter or "new" strand.
- The new strand will be complementary to the parental or "old" strand and the new strand will remain basepaired to the old strand.
- So each "daughter" DNA actually consists of one "old" DNA strand and one newly-synthesized strand.
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- Jet lag is a chronobiological-related problem, similar to issues often induced by shift work.
- To the degree that the body cannot immediately realign these rhythms, it is jet lagged.
- Crossing one or two time zones does not typically cause jet lag.
- A five-hour flight from the east to the west coast of the United States may well result in jet lag.
- Jet lag has been measured with simple analogue scales but a study has shown that these are relatively blunt for assessing all the problems associated with jet lag.
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- It is most widely used by cells to accurately repair harmful breaks that occur on both strands of DNA, known as double-strand breaks.
- Breaks that occur on one of the two DNA strands, known as single-strand gaps, are thought to be repaired by the RecF pathway.
- Double-strand breaks may also arise by DNA replication through a single-strand nick or gap.
- Step 4: RecBCD encounters a Chi sequence and stops digesting the 3' strand; cleavage of the 5' strand is significantly increased.
- Step 5: RecBCD loads RecA onto the 3' strand.