Examples of interferon-gamma in the following topics:
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- More importantly, the large number of activated T-cells secretes large amounts of cytokines, the most important of which is Interferon gamma.
- This excess amount of IFN-gamma is in turn what activates the macrophages.
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- Most macrophages express high levels of interferon-gamma, a mechanism through which antigen presentation and T cell activation is enhanced.
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- Interferons (IFNs) are proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens.
- The type I interferons present in humans are IFN-α, IFN-β and IFN-ω.
- Interferon type II: These bind to IFNGR that consist of IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 chains.
- In addition, interferons induce production of hundreds of other proteins—known collectively as interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs)—that have roles in combating viruses.
- Interferons, such as interferon gamma, directly activate other immune cells, such as macrophages and natural killer cells.
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- NK cells are activated in response to interferons or macrophage-derived cytokines.
- NK cells work to control viral infections by secreting IFNγ (interferon gamma) and TNFα (tumor necrosis factor alpha).
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- In addition to the IgA and IgG, human milk also contains: oligosaccharides and mucins that adhere to bacteria and viruses to interfere with their attachment to host cells; lactoferrin to bind iron and make it unavailable to most bacteria; B12 binding protein to deprive bacteria of needed vitamin B12; bifidus factor that promotes the growth of Lactobacillus bifidus, normal flora in the gastrointestinal tract of infants that crowds out harmful bacteria; fibronectin that increases the antimicrobial activity of macrophages and helps repair tissue damage from infection in the gastrointestinal tract; gamma-interferon, a cytokine that enhances the activity of certain immune cells; hormones and growth factors that stimulate the baby's gastrointestinal tract to mature faster and be less susceptible to infection; and lysozyme to break down peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls.
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- Interferons are protein cytokines that have antiviral functions.
- One common interferon is IFN-gamma, a pyrogen involved in inflammatory response and macrophage and NK cell activation.
- IFN-gamma is produced by T cells (both CD4 and CD8) and NK cells.
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- $\displaystyle N(E) dE = C E^{-p} dE~\mbox {or}~N(\gamma) d\gamma = C \gamma^{-p} d\gamma$
- $\displaystyle {N}{\gamma} = \frac{Ct \gamma_c}{p-1} \gamma^{-(p+1)} \left [ 1 - \left ( 1 - \frac{\gamma}{\gamma_c} \right)^{p-1} \right ] ~\mbox{for}~\gamma_m < \gamma< \gamma_c$
- $\displaystyle {N}{\gamma} \approx C t \gamma^{-p} ~\mathrm{for}~ \gamma_m < \gamma \ll \gamma_c .$
- $\displaystyle {N}{\gamma} = \frac{C t \gamma_c}{p-1} \gamma^{-(p+1)} \left [ \left (\frac{\gamma}{\gamma_m} \right )^{p-1} - \left ( 1 - \frac{\gamma}{\gamma_c} \right)^{p-1} \right ] ~\mathrm{for}~ \gamma < \gamma_m < \gamma_c .$
- Well into the slow cooling regime we have $\gamma_m\ll \gamma_c$ so $\gamma_\mathrm{cut-off} \approx \gamma_m$.
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- $\displaystyle \gamma = \gamma_0 \left ( 1 + A \gamma_0 t \right )^{-1}, A=\frac{2e^4 B_\perp^2}{3m^3 c^5}.$
- Here $\gamma_0$ is the initial value of $\gamma$and $B_\perp = B \sin\alpha$.
- How do you reconcile the decrease of $\gamma$ with the result of constant $\gamma$for motion in a magnetic field?
- $\displaystyle \frac{d\gamma}{dt} = -\frac{2}{3} \frac{e^4}{m_e^3 c^5} B_\perp^2 \beta^2 \gamma^2 = -A (\gamma^2 -1 )$
- $\displaystyle -A dt = \frac{1}{2} \left [ \frac{d\gamma}{\gamma-1} - \frac{d\gamma}{\gamma+1} \right ]$
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- Gamma radiation, also known as gamma rays or hyphenated as gamma-rays and denoted as γ, is electromagnetic radiation of high frequency and therefore high energy.
- Gamma rays from radioactive decay are defined as gamma rays no matter what their energy, so that there is no lower limit to gamma energy derived from radioactive decay.
- Gamma rays are ionizing radiation and are thus biologically hazardous.
- Paul Villard, a French chemist and physicist, discovered gamma radiation in 1900, while studying radiation emitted from radium during its gamma decay.
- Identify wavelength range characteristic for gamma rays, noting their biological effects and distinguishing them from gamma rays
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- $\displaystyle N(E) dE = C E^{-p} dE~\mbox{or}~N(\gamma) d\gamma = C \gamma^{-p} d\gamma$
- $\displaystyle P_\mbox{tot} (\omega) = C \int_{\gamma_1}^{\gamma_2} P(\omega) \gamma^{-p} d\gamma \propto \int_{\gamma_1}^{\gamma_2} F\left(\frac{\omega}{\omega_c}\right) \gamma^{-p}d\gamma.$
- Remember that $\omega_c = A \gamma^2$ so $\gamma^2 \propto \omega/x$, we get
- This power-law spectrum is valid essentially between $\omega_c(\gamma_1)$ and $\omega_c(\gamma_2)$.