insulin-like growth factor I

Examples of insulin-like growth factor I in the following topics:

• Aging and the Endocrine System

  • Three hormone axes are affected by aging: growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I, cortisol/dehydroepiandrosterone, and testoterone/estradiol.
  • Three of the most important hormone axes in the endocrine system that are affected by aging include growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), cortisol/dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and testosterone/estradiol.
  • In the developing human body, GH from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates production and release of IGF-I by the liver, which is then transported in the blood to stimulate growth of muscle and bone.
  • Nuclear factor kappa B, a transcription factor, inhibits the activation-induced apoptotic response (programmed cell death) that becomes more prevalent with aging.
  • GCs inhibit this transcription factor which in turn decreases inhibition of apoptosis.

• Bone Remodeling

  • Numerous bone-derived growth factors have been isolated and classified via bone cultures.
  • These factors include insulin-like growth factors I and II, transforming growth factor beta, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and bone morphogenetic proteins.
  • Insulin-like growth factors protect cartilage cells, and are associated with the activation of osteocytes.
  • Platelet-derived growth factor has been found to enhance bone collagen degradation.
  • Falls are dangerous for the elderly because they are more likely to break a bone.

• Metabolic Changes

  • Protein and carbohydrate metabolism are affected during pregnancy and maternal insulin resistance can lead to gestational diabetes.
  • An increase in nutrients is required for fetal growth and fat deposition.
  • Maternal insulin resistance can lead to gestational diabetes.
  • Gestational diabetes is caused when the insulin receptors do not function properly.
  • This is likely due to pregnancy related factors such as the presence of human placental lactogen that interferes with susceptible insulin receptors.

• Hormonal Regulation of Growth

  • Body growth is controlled by growth hormone (GH), produced by the anterior pituitary, and IGF-1, whose production is stimulated by GH.
  • Like most other protein hormones, GH acts by interacting with a specific receptor on the surface of cells.
  • GH also stimulates, through another pathway, the production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a hormone homologous to proinsulin.
  • Oversecretion of growth hormone can lead to gigantism in children, causing excessive growth.
  • Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is activated by growth hormone and also allows formation of new proteins in muscle cells and bone.

• Hair and Hormones

  • Men whose fathers had experienced hair loss were 2.5 times more likely to experience it themselves, regardless of maternal history.
  • Levels of 5-alpha-reductase are one factor in determining levels of DHT in the scalp.
  • SHBG is downregulated by insulin.
  • Increased levels of Insulin Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) have been correlated to vertex balding.
  • High glucose levels and de novo hepatic lypogenesis and an interaction with liver fats cause SHBG levels to fall independantly of insulin levels and is the likely link between caloric excess, metabolic syndrome, and baldness.

• Mammalian Proteins and Products

  • The first successful products of genetic engineering were protein drugs like insulin, which is used to treat diabetes , and growth hormone somatotropin.
  • In contrast to TPA, the blood clotting factors VII, VIII, and IX are critically important for the formation of blood clots.
  • Hemophiliacs suffer from a deficiency of one or more clotting factors and can therefore be treated with microbially produced clotting factors.
  • In the past hemophiliacs have been treated with clotting factor extracts from pooled human blood, some of which was contaminated with viruses such as HIV and hepatitis C, putting hemophiliacs at high risk for contracting these diseases.
  • Recombinant clotting factors have eliminated this problem.

• Liver Function

  • The liver also produces the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a polypeptide protein hormone that plays an important role in childhood growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults.
  • The liver breaks down insulin and other hormones.

• Growth

  • Mini tablets, such as the iPad mini, Google Nexus 7, or Amazon Kindle Fire, are in the growth stage at the moment.
  • Profits begin to be generated, though the break even point is likely to remain unbreached for a significant time--even until the next stage, depending on the cost and revenue structures.
  • This would be done in order to maintain growth in sales and ensure that interest in the product continues to grow and not stagnate, thus maintaining the growth stage.
  • Increased competition leads to price decreases: price wars may erupt, technology may get cheaper, or other factors can ultimately lead to falling prices.
  • The graph shows the growth stage in the overall product life cycle.

• Anencephaly

  • Strictly speaking, the translation of the Greek term to English is "no brain" (that is, totally lacking), but it is accepted that children with this disorder are born without a forebrain, the largest part of the brain consisting mainly of the cerebral hemispheres, including the neocortex, which is responsible for higher-level cognition, i.e. thinking.
  • Recent animal models indicate a possible association with deficiencies of the transcription factor TEAD2.
  • Research has suggested that, overall, female babies are more likely to be affected by the disorder.
  • It is known that women taking certain medications for epilepsy and women with insulin-dependent diabetes have a higher risk of having a child with a neural tube defect.
  • Strictly speaking, the translation of the Greek term to English is "no brain" (that is, totally lacking), but it is accepted that children with this disorder are born without a forebrain, the largest part of the brain consisting mainly of the cerebral hemispheres, including the neocortex, which is responsible for higher-level cognition, i.e. thinking.

• Innovation

  • In business and economics, innovation is the catalyst to growth.
  • An important innovation factor includes customers buying products or using services.
  • The S-curve maps growth of revenue or productivity against time.
  • The S-curve derives from an assumption that new products are likely to have "product life" (i.e. a start-up phase, a rapid increase in revenue and eventual decline).
  • The second shows an emerging technology that currently yields lower growth but will eventually overtake current technology and lead to even greater levels of growth.