instrumentalism

Examples of instrumentalism in the following topics:

• Standing Waves in Wind Instruments

  • This type of instrument is called an aerophone, and the most well-known of this type of instrument are often called wind instruments because, although the instrument itself does vibrate a little, most of the sound is produced by standing waves in the column of air inside the instrument.
  • The standing waves in a wind instrument are a little different from a vibrating string.
  • The standing-wave tube of a wind instrument also may be open at both ends, or it may be closed at one end (for a mouthpiece, for example), and this also affects the instrument.
  • (Actually, for reasons explained in Standing Waves in Wind Instruments, some harmonics are "missing" in some wind instruments, but this mainly affects the timbre and some aspects of playing the instrument.
  • See Standing Waves in Wind Instruments for more explanation.

• Instrument Ranges

  • Some other terms that are used to describe instrument ranges are:
  • An instrument with a slightly higher fundamental will have a slightly higher range; an instrument with a much lower fundamental will have a much lower range.
  • Some instruments that are identified this way are transposing instruments, but others are not.
  • The ranges of some instruments are definite and absolute.
  • Other instruments may be a mix of absolute and indefinite ranges.

• The Common Financial Instruments

• Standing Waves in Other Objects

  • So far we have looked at two of the four main groups of musical instruments: chordophones and aerophones.
  • Idiophones are instruments in which the body of the instrument itself, or a part of it, produces the original vibration.
  • But in some, the shape of the instrument - usually a tube, block, circle, or bell shape - allows the instrument to ring with a standing-wave vibration when you strike it.
  • Note: Although percussion specializes in "noise"-type sounds, even instruments like snare drums follow the basic physics rule of "bigger instrument makes longer wavelengths and lower sounds".
  • Can you think of some other percussion instruments that get particular pitches?

• Brass Instruments

  • The harmonic series is particularly important for brass instruments.
  • For centuries, all brass instruments were valveless.
  • A brass instrument could play only the notes of one harmonic series.
  • For more on how and why harmonics are produced in wind instruments, please see Standing Waves and Wind Instruments)
  • At each slide "position", the instrument gets a new harmonic series.

• Impact of the SML on the Cost of Capital

  • The plotted location of an instrument on the SML has consequences on its price, return, and cost of capital it contributes to a firm.
  • If the price of the instrument goes up, its expected returns go down, and vice versa.
  • An instrument plotted below the SML would have a low expected return and a high price.
  • An instrument plotted above the line has a high expected return and a low price.
  • An instrument plotted on the SML can be thought of to be fairly priced for the amount of expected return.

• Choosing Your New Key

  • Transposing instruments are instruments for which standard parts are written higher or lower than they sound.
  • Alto and Baritone Saxophone are E flat instruments.
  • Note: Why are there transposing instruments?
  • But often transposing instruments are a result of the history of the instrument.
  • As with any instrumental part, be aware of the range of the instrument that you are writing for.

• Timbre

  • Timbre is caused by the fact that each note from a musical instrument is a complex wave containing more than one frequency.
  • For instruments that produce notes with a clear and specific pitch, the frequencies involved are part of a harmonic series.
  • For other instruments (such as drums), the sound wave may have an even greater variety of frequencies.
  • The harmonics at the beginning of each note - the attack - are especially important for timbre, so it is actually easier to identify instruments that are playing short notes with strong articulations than it is to identify instruments playing long, smooth notes.
  • For more information on what causes timbre, please see Harmonic Series I, Standing Waves and Musical Instruments, and Standing Waves and Wind Instruments. )

• Types of Cash

  • Types of cash include currency, funds in bank accounts, and non-risky financial instruments that are readily convertible to cash.
  • Cash and cash equivalents are not just the amount of currency that a business has in its cash registers and bank accounts; they also include several different types of financial instruments.
  • Cash equivalents include all undeposited negotiable instruments (such as checks), bank drafts, money orders and certain certificates of deposit.
  • However, these types of instruments are only included in cash if they mature within three months from when the the financial statements are prepared and there is a minimal risk of these investments losing their value.

• Maturity Date

  • Maturity date refers to the final payment date of a loan or other financial instrument.
  • In finance, maturity date or redemption date, refers to the final payment date of a loan or other financial instrument, at which point the principal (and all remaining interest) is due to be paid.
  • The maturity can be any length of time, although debt securities with a term of less than one year are generally designated money market instruments rather than bonds.
  • short term (bills): maturities between 1 to 5 years (instruments with maturities less than one year are called "Money Market Instruments");