initiative

Examples of initiative in the following topics:

• Initiation of Transcription in Prokaryotes

  • The fifth subunit, σ, is involved only in transcription initiation.
  • Nucleotides preceding the initiation site are given negative numbers and are designated upstream.
  • Conversely, nucleotides following the initiation site are denoted with "+" numbering and are called downstream nucleotides.
  • A promoter is a DNA sequence onto which the transcription machinery binds and initiates transcription .
  • The σ subunit dissociates from the polymerase after transcription has been initiated.

• Two-mode SVD analysis

  • Each actor is scored as -1 if they contributed in opposition to the initiative, +1 if they contributed in favor of the initiative, or 0 if they did not contribute.
  • First, the ballot initiatives.
  • SVD of California donors and initiatives: Scaling of donors
  • Two-mode scaling of California donors and initiatives by Single Value Decomposition: Singular values
  • SVD of California donors and initiatives: Scaling of initiatives

• The Initiation Complex and Translation Rate

  • The first step of translation is ribosome assembly, which requires initiation factors.
  • Like transcription, translation is controlled by proteins that bind and initiate the process.
  • These components are brought together by the help of proteins called initiation factors which bind to the small ribosomal subunit during initiation and are found in all three domains of life.
  • In addition, the cell spends GTP energy to help form the initiation complex.
  • Once the 43S complex is at the initiation AUG, the tRNAi-Met is positioned over the AUG.

• Synthesis of Addition Polymers

  • Radical Polymerization The initiator is a radical, and the propagating site of reactivity (*) is a carbon radical.
  • Cationic Polymerization The initiator is an acid, and the propagating site of reactivity (*) is a carbocation.
  • Anionic Polymerization The initiator is a nucleophile, and the propagating site of reactivity (*) is a carbanion.
  • Coordination Catalytic Polymerization The initiator is a transition metal complex, and the propagating site of reactivity (*) is a terminal catalytic complex.

• Regulation of Sigma Factor Activity

  • Sigma factors are proteins that function in transcription initiation .
  • The sigma factor allows the RNA polymerase to properly bind to the promoter site and initiate transcription which will result in the production of an mRNA molecule.
  • The regulation of sigma factor activity is critical and necessary to ensure proper initiation of transcription.
  • If transcription of genes involved in growth is necessary, the sigma factors will be translated to allow for transcription initiation to occur.
  • The anti-sigma factors are responsible for regulating inhibition of transcriptional activity in organisms that require sigma factor for proper transcription initiation.

• Progressive Government: City and State

  • Also, reforms were made to give voters more say in government, among these were the initiative, referendum, and recall .
  • Initiatives allowed citizens to introduce legislative proposals at the state or local level through petitions that required political bodies to address areas of concern, or placed issues directly on the ballot.
  • Map showing which states have initiatives, referenda, and which states don't.
  • Blue: Has both initiatives and referendums Yellow: Initiative constitutional amendments only Green: Referendums only Red: Has neither initiatives nor referendums.

• Visualizing two-mode data

  • Since the graphic has 68 nodes (actors plus initiatives) it is a bit cluttered.
  • We've deleted isolates (initiatives that don't have donors in common and donors that don't have initiatives in common), located the points in space using Gower MDS, resized the nodes and node labels, and eliminated the arrow heads.
  • In this particular case, the two tribes were jointly involved in initiatives about gambling (P70) and environment (P40).
  • And, particular donors are located in the same parts of the space as certain initiatives -- defining which issues (events) tend to go along with which actors.

• Two-mode correspondence analysis

  • To illustrate the application of correspondence analysis, we've dichotomized the political donor and initiatives data by assigning a value of 1 if an actor gave a donation either in favor or against an initiative, and assigning a zero if they did not participate in the campaign on a particular initiative.
  • Figure 17.13 shows the location of events (initiatives) along three dimensions of the joint actor-event space identified by the correspondence analysis method.
  • We do see, however, that this method also can be used to locate the initiatives along multiple underlying dimensions that capture variance in both actors and events.
  • Event coordinates for co-participation of donors in California initiative campaigns
  • Actor coordinates for co-participation of donors in California initiative campaigns

• The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis

  • Protein synthesis begins with the formation of a pre-initiation complex.
  • In E. coli, this complex involves the small 30S ribosome, the mRNA template, three initiation factors (IFs; IF-1, IF-2, and IF-3), and a special initiator tRNA, called fMet-tRNA.
  • In eukaryotes, a pre-initiation complex forms when an initiation factor called eIF2 (eukaryotic initiation factor 2) binds GTP, and the GTP-eIF2 recruits the eukaryotic initiator tRNA to the 40s small ribosomal subunit.
  • The eukaryotic pre-initiation complex then recognizes the 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' end of a mRNA.
  • In archaea, translation initiation is similar to that seen in eukaryotes, except that the initiation factors involved are called aIFs (archaeal inititiaion factors), not eIFs.

• General Launch Angle

  • The initial launch angle (0-90 degrees) of an object in projectile motion dictates the range, height, and time of flight of that object.
  • The initial velocity of the object is: $v_i=10$ m/s Find the range, maximum height and time of flight for the object at the following initial launch angles: a. 15° b. 45° c. 70° We will work out part (a) here, but you will have to do parts (b) and (c) on your own.
  • One of the key components of projectile motion and the trajectory that it follows is the initial launch angle.
  • Where R - Range, h - maximum height, T - time of flight, vi - initial velocity, θi - initial launch angle, g - gravity.
  • If there is a certain distance, d, that you want your object to go and you know the initial velocity at which it will be launched, the initial launch angle required to get it that distance is called the angle of reach.