immune system

Examples of immune system in the following topics:

• Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses

  • The immune system protects organisms from infection first with the innate immune system, then with adaptive immunity.
  • The immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
  • Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.
  • Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals.
  • Active immunity often involves both the cell-mediated and humoral aspects of immunity as well as input from the innate immune system .

• Immunodeficiencies

  • Immunodeficiency is a state where the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease is impaired or absent.
  • Immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency) is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or absent entirely.
  • Most cases of immunodeficiency are acquired (secondary) but some people are born with a defective immune system, or primary immunodeficiency.
  • As an anti-rejection protocol, transplant patients take medications to suppress their immune system, as do some patients suffering from an over-active immune system.
  • HIV directly infects a small number of T helper cells, and also impairs other immune system responses indirectly.

• Overview of Adaptive Immunity

  • The adaptive immune system is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogenic growth.
  • The adaptive immune system, also known as the specific immune system, is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogenic growth.
  • The adaptive immune system works to protect and heal the body when the innate immune system fails.
  • The adaptive immune system starts to work after the innate immune system is activated.
  • The major functions of the adaptive immune system include:

• Natural Active Immunity

  • Once a microbe penetrates the body's skin, mucous membranes, or other primary defenses, it interacts with the immune system.
  • Immunization (commonly referred to as vaccination) is the deliberate induction of an immune response, and represents the single most effective manipulation of the immune system that scientists have developed .
  • Immunizations are successful because they utilize the immune system's natural specificity as well as its inducibility.
  • The principle behind immunization is to introduce an antigen, derived from a disease-causing organism, that stimulates the immune system to develop protective immunity against that organism, but which does not itself cause the pathogenic effects of that organism.
  • Immunization (commonly referred to as vaccination) is the deliberate induction of an immune response, and represents the single most effective manipulation of the immune system that scientists have developed.

• Overview of the Immune System

  • The immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
  • The immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
  • Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt to avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system.
  • Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals.
  • Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules, where self molecules are those components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system.

• Hypersensitivity

  • A hypersensitivity reaction refers to an overreactive immune system triggered by allergies and autoimmunity.
  • Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction) refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity, and are commonly mediated by antibodies.
  • Hypersensitivity reactions require a pre-sensitized (immune) state of the host .
  • Immediate Hypersensitivity (Type I) is an immediate response to an allergen (a foreign substance that poses no danger in and of itself yet is treated as an antigen) that the immune system has had prior exposure to.
  • Immune Complex Hypersensitivity (Type III) is an immune response to immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) that become deposited in a given area.

• Innate Immune Response

  • The immune system serves to defend against pathogens: microorganisms that attempt to invade and cause disease in a host.
  • Mammalian immune systems evolved for protection from such pathogens.
  • Central to this goal, the immune system must be capable of recognizing "self" from "other" so that when it destroys cells, it destroys pathogen cells and not host cells.
  • Components of both immune systems constantly search the body for signs of pathogens.
  • Features of the immune system (e.g., pathogen identification, specific response, amplification, retreat, and remembrance) are essential for survival against pathogens.

• Types of Adaptive Immunity

  • The adaptive immune system mounts a stronger, and antigen specific immune response after the innate immune response fails to prevent a pathogen from causing an infection.
  • There are two subdivisions of the adaptive immune system: cell-mediated immunity, and humoral immunity.
  • Type 2 helper T-cells are included in the humoral immune system because the present antigens to immature B-cells, which undergo proliferation to become specific to the presented antigen.
  • There are 6 different classes of antibodies that provide similar but different functions and interact with different cells in the immune system.
  • Mast cells and eosinophils are considered to be part of the humoral immune system because they can be sensitized towards certain antigens through circulating immunoglobin E (IgE), which is a specific type of antibody produced by B cells.

• Adaptive Immunity and the Immunoglobulin Superfamily

  • There are two types of adaptive immune responses: humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.
  • These are driven by different elements of the immune system and function to eliminate different types of microbes.
  • Members of the IgSF include cell surface antigen receptors, co-receptors, and co-stimulatory molecules of the immune system, molecules involved in antigen presentation to lymphocytes, cell adhesion molecules, certain cytokine receptors, and intracellular muscle proteins.
  • They are commonly associated with roles in the immune system.
  • Describe the role of immunoglobulins in the adaptive immune response, specifically in humoral immunity

• Active and Passive Humoral Immunity

  • The humoral immune response is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies.
  • The humoral immune response (HIR) is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies produced by B cells.
  • There are two types of humoral immunity, active and passive humoral immunity.
  • Active humoral immunity refers to any form of immunity that occurs as a result of the formation of an adaptive immune response from the body's own immune system.
  • Artificial active immunity is the result of immunization from vaccination.