hydrolyzable
(adjective)
capable of dissociating in water
Examples of hydrolyzable in the following topics:
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Salts that Produce Acidic Solutions
- This is due either to the presence of a metal cation that acts as a Lewis acid (which will be discussed in a later concept), or, quite commonly, due to a hydrolyzable proton in the cation or the anion.
- We determine whether the hydrolyzable ion is acidic or basic by comparing the Ka and Kb values for the ion; if Ka > Kb, the ion will be acidic, whereas if Kb > Ka, the ion will be basic.
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Overview of the Acid-Base Properties of Salt
- As we have discussed, salts can form acidic or basic solutions if their cations and/or anions are hydrolyzable (able to react in water).
- The ammonium ion contains a hydrolyzable proton, which makes it an acid salt.
- Because both ions can hydrolyze, will a solution of ammonium bicarbonate be acidic or basic?
- In summary, when a salt contains two ions that hydrolyze, compare their Ka and Kb values:
- This video examines the hydrolysis of an acid salt, a basic salt, and a salt in which both ions hydrolyze.
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The Reverse TCA Cycle
- 4) succinate is converted to succinyl-CoA (ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP+Pi)
- 8) ATP citrate lyase is then used to convert citrate to oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA (ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi).
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Reactions at the α-Carbon
- The chiral alpha-carbon in equation #2 is racemized in the course of this exchange, and a small amount of nitrile is hydrolyzed to the corresponding carboxylic acid.
- Thus, conversion of the acid to its acyl chloride derivative is followed by alpha-bromination or chlorination, and the resulting halogenated acyl chloride is then hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid product.
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Connecting Other Sugars to Glucose Metabolism
- The glycogen is hydrolyzed into the glucose monomer, glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P), if blood sugar levels drop.
- Glycogen from the liver and muscles, hydrolyzed into glucose-1-phosphate, together with fats and proteins, can feed into the catabolic pathways for carbohydrates.
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The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis
- Once the appropriate AUG is identified, eIF2 hydrolyzes GTP to GDP and powers the delivery of the tRNAi-Met to the start codon, where the tRNAi anticodon basepairs to the AUG codon.
- The 60S ribosomal subunit is recruited to the pre-initiation complex by eIF5-GTP, which hydrolyzes its GTP to GDP to power the assembly of the full ribosome at the translation start site with the Met-tRNAi positioned in the ribosome P site.
- The energy for each step of the ribosome is donated by an elongation factor that hydrolyzes GTP.
- There, GTP is hydrolyzed by eIF2 and the Met-tRNAi is loaded onto the AUG.
- Next, eIF5-GTP recruits the 60S large ribosomal subunit to the 40S subunit at the AUG and hydrolyzes GTP.
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ATP and Muscle Contraction
- The ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by the enzyme ATPase.
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Connecting Proteins to Glucose Metabolism
- Proteins are hydrolyzed by a variety of enzymes in cells.
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Rearrangements of Cationic or Electron Deficient Nitrogen
- Reactions with PCl5 probably give an iminochloride, and this in turn is hydrolyzed to the same amide.
- The product of the rearrangement is a lactam (a cyclic amide), which can be hydrolyzed to an omega-amino acid.
- The eight-membered oxime picrate hydrolyzes rapidly, producing a nine-membered lactam in high yield.
- If water had been the solvent, the resulting 1º-enamine would have rearranged to an imine and hydrolyzed to an aldehyde.
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The Initiation Complex and Translation Rate
- At this point, the GTP bound to eIF2 in the 43S complexx is hydrolyzed to GDP + phosphate, and energy is released.
- Once the 60S ribosomal subunit arrives, eIF5 hydrolyzes its bound GTP to GDP + phosphate, and energy is released.