hydrate

Examples of hydrate in the following topics:

• Naming Hydrates

  • The name of a hydrate follows a set pattern: the name of the ionic compound followed by a numerical prefix and the suffix -hydrate.
  • The name of a hydrate follows a set pattern: the name of the ionic compound followed by a numerical prefix and the suffix "-hydrate."
  • A hydrate that has lost water is referred to as an anhydride.
  • In organic chemistry, hydrates tend to be rarer.
  • Molecules have been labeled as hydrates for historical reasons.

• Solutions and Heats of Hydration

  • When ions dissolve in water, the stabilizing interactions that result release energy called the "heat of hydration."
  • Many factors influence how thermodynamically favorable a given reaction is, including the heat of hydration, or hydration energy released when water solvates, or surrounds, an ion, and the amount of energy required to overcome the attractive forces between solute molecules, known as lattice energy.
  • M^+ (g) + X^-(g) \to M^+ (aq) + X^-(aq)$ [heat of hydration]
  • A hot solution results when the heat of hydration is much greater than the lattice energy of the solute.
  • Predict whether a given ionic solid will dissolve in water given the lattice energy and heat of hydration

• Water’s Solvent Properties

  • This is referred to as a sphere of hydration, or a hydration shell, and serves to keep the particles separated or dispersed in the water.
  • Consider table salt (NaCl, or sodium chloride): when NaCl crystals are added to water, the molecules of NaCl dissociate into Na+ and Cl– ions, and spheres of hydration form around the ions.
  • When table salt (NaCl) is mixed in water, spheres of hydration form around the ions.

• Hydroboration Reactions and Oxidations

  • Thus, by the proper choice of reagents, terminal alkynes may be converted either to methyl ketones (mercuric ion catalyzed hydration) or aldehydes (hydroboration followed by oxidation).
  • Mercuric ion catalyzed hydration gives similar results.

• Reactions of Alcohols

  • Alkenes can be hydrated in acidic conditions, in which case the elements of water are added across a double bond that is broken.
  • The product of acid-catalyzed hydration is called a "Markownikoff" product: because the carbocation must be on the most substituted carbon (where it is most stable), this is where the hydroxyl adds.
  • The classic example of alcohol elimination is an exact reversal of hydration.

• Water Content in the Body

  • In bioelectrical impedance analysis, a person's hydration level is calculated from high precision measurements of the opposition to the flow of an electric current through body tissues.
  • As water conducts electricity, a lower the hydration level will cause a greater amount of resistance to electrical flow through the body.

• The Favorskii Rearrangement

  • Facile conversion of cyclopropanones to hydrates and hemiacetals (relief of angle strain) occurs, and the cyclopropoxide conjugate base undergoes ring opening and solvent protonation.

• Reversible Addition Reactions

  • In most cases the resulting hydrate (a geminal-diol) is unstable relative to the reactants and cannot be isolated.
  • Thus, a solution of formaldehyde in water (formalin) is almost exclusively the hydrate, or polymers of the hydrate.

• Lipid Metabolism

  • In brief, the oxidation of lipids proceeds as follows: two-carbon fragments are removed sequentially from the carboxyl end of the fatty acid after dehydrogenation, hydration, and oxidation to form a keto acid, which is then cleaved by thiolysis.
  • Hydration: In the second step, enoyl-CoA hydratase hydrates the double bond introduced in the previous step, yielding an alcohol (-C-OH).

• Hydration of Alkynes and Tautomerism