humoral immunity

Examples of humoral immunity in the following topics:

• Active and Passive Humoral Immunity

  • The humoral immune response is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies.
  • The humoral immune response (HIR) is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies produced by B cells.
  • Humoral immunity is so named because it involves substances found in the humours, or body fluids.
  • There are two types of humoral immunity, active and passive humoral immunity.
  • Active humoral immunity refers to any form of immunity that occurs as a result of the formation of an adaptive immune response from the body's own immune system.

• Types of Adaptive Immunity

  • There are two subdivisions of the adaptive immune system: cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity.
  • Humoral immunity refers to the component of the adaptive immune response that is caused by B cells, antibodies, and type 2 helper T cells (Th2), as well as circulating mast cells and eosinophils to a lesser extent.
  • Its name comes from the idea that blood is one of the humors of the body, since antibodies provide passive or active immunity through circulation in the bloodstream.
  • Type 2 helper T cells are included in the humoral immune system because they present antigens to immature B-cells, which undergo proliferation to become specific to the presented antigen.
  • Antibodies provide a number of functions in humoral immunity.

• Adaptive Immunity and the Immunoglobulin Superfamily

  • The components of adaptive immunity are lymphocytes and their products.
  • There are two types of adaptive immune responses: humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.
  • Antibodies or Immunoglobulins bind antigens in the recognition phase and the effector phase of humoral immunity.
  • They are commonly associated with roles in the immune system.
  • Describe the role of immunoglobulins in the adaptive immune response, specifically in humoral immunity

• Humoral Immune Response

  • The humoral immune response defends against pathogens that are free in the blood by using antibodies against pathogen-specific antigens.
  • The humoral immune response fights pathogens that are free in the bodily fluids, or "humours".
  • An antibody/antigen interaction may stimulate an immune response.
  • B cells are the major cell type involved in the humoral immune response.
  • Antibodies are the agents of humoral immunity.

• Lymphoid Cells

  • Lymphocytes are vital for normal immune system function.
  • T and B lymphocytes are the main forces of adaptive immunity, which includes cell-mediated and humoral immunity.
  • T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity whereas B cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity.
  • B cells are part of the humoral component of adaptive immunity.
  • List the types of lymphocytes in the vertebrate immune system and their roles in innate or humoral immunity

• Cell-Mediated Immunity

  • Just as the humoral immune response has B cells which mediate its response, the cellular immune response has T cells, which recognize infected cells and destroy them before the pathogen inside can replicate and spread to infect other cells.
  • After a virus or bacteria enters a cell, it can no longer be detected by the humoral immune response.
  • Instead, the cellular immune response must take over.
  • A summary of how the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses are activated appears in .
  • Depending on the cytokines released, this activates either the humoral or the cell-mediated immune response.

• Type IV (Delayed Cell-Mediated) Reactions

  • Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, natural killer cells (NK), antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
  • Historically, the immune system was separated into two branches: humoral immunity, for which the protective function of immunization could be found in the humor (cell-free bodily fluid or serum) and cellular immunity, for which the protective function of immunization was associated with cells.
  • Therefore in cell mediated immunity cytokines are not always present.
  • 3. stimulating cells to secrete a variety of cytokines that influence the function of other cells involved in adaptive immune responses and innate immune responses
  • Cell-mediated immunity is directed primarily at microbes that survive in phagocytes and microbes that infect non-phagocytic cells.

• Overview of the Immune System

  • Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals.
  • Adaptive immunity is often sub-divided into two major types depending on how the immunity was introduced.
  • Both naturally and artificially acquired immunity can be further subdivided depending on whether immunity is induced in the host or passively transferred from an immune host.
  • A further subdivision of adaptive immunity is characterized by the cells involved; humoral immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies, whereas the protection provided by cell-mediated immunity involves T lymphocytes alone.
  • Humoral immunity is active when the organism generates its own antibodies, and passive when antibodies are transferred between individuals.

• Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses

  • The immune system protects organisms from infection first with the innate immune system, then with adaptive immunity.
  • Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals.
  • Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules.
  • This type of immunity is both active and adaptive because the body's immune system prepares itself for future challenges.
  • Active immunity often involves both the cell-mediated and humoral aspects of immunity as well as input from the innate immune system .

• Immunoassays for Disease

  • Immunology is the study of molecules, cells, and organs that make up the immune system.
  • When a foreign agent penetrates the first line of resistance, an immune reaction is elicited and immune cells are recruited into the site of infection to clear microorganisms and damaged cells by phagocytosis.
  • If the inflammation remains aggravated, antibody-mediated immune reaction is activated and different types of immune cells are engaged to resolve the disease.
  • The immune system is composed of cellular and humoral elements.
  • The humoral component includes complement, lyzozyme, interferon, antibodies, and cytokines.