Examples of growth factors in the following topics:
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- A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation and cellular differentiation.
- A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation and cellular differentiation such as
granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a growth factor which stimulates the production of white blood cells.
- Growth factors are typically cytokines or hormones, but not all cytokines and hormones are growth factors.
- Confusingly cytokine and growth factor are sometimes used interchangeably.
- As with cytokines some are involved with growth, such as growth hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland and may be classed as growth factors, but others are not.
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- Numerous bone-derived growth factors have been isolated and classified via bone cultures.
- These factors include insulin-like growth factors I and II, transforming growth factor beta, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and bone morphogenetic proteins.
- Platelet-derived
growth factor has been found to enhance bone collagen degradation.
- Evidence suggests that bone cells produce growth factors for extracellular storage in the bone matrix.
- Essentially, bone growth factors may act as potential determinants of local bone formation.
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- The ligands that promote cell growth are called growth factors.
- Most growth factors bind to cell-surface receptors that are linked to tyrosine kinases.
- Signaling pathways control cell growth.
- Further studies have indicated that 30 percent of cancer cells have a mutation in the RAS gene that leads to uncontrolled growth.
- If left unchecked, uncontrolled cell division can lead tumor formation and metastasis, the growth of cancer cells in new locations in the body.
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- Body growth is controlled by growth hormone (GH), produced by the anterior pituitary, and IGF-1, whose production is stimulated by GH.
- GH also stimulates, through another pathway, the production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a hormone homologous to proinsulin.
- GH release is stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and is inhibited by growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH), also called somatostatin.
- Oversecretion of growth hormone can lead to gigantism in children, causing excessive growth.
- Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is activated by growth hormone and also allows formation of new proteins in muscle cells and bone.
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- Exponential growth occurs when the growth rate of the value of a mathematical function is proportional to the function's current value.
- Exponential growth occurs when the growth rate of the value of a mathematical function is proportional to the function's current value.
- In the long run, exponential growth of any kind will overtake linear growth of any kind as well as any polynomial growth.
- where the constant $a$ is the initial value of $x$, $x(0) = a$, the constant $b$ is a positive growth factor, and $\tau$ is the time constant—the time required for $x$ to increase by one factor of $b$:
- This graph illustrates how exponential growth (green) surpasses both linear (red) and cubic (blue) growth.
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- Nutrients are necessary for microbial growth and play a vital role in the proper cultivation of microorganisms in the laboratory and for proper growth in their natural environments.
- In regard to required nutrients for proper growth, there are often limiting factors involved.
- The limiting factor or limiting nutrient effects and controls growth.
- In industrial microbiology this concept is critical, as microbial growth and production is dictated by proper cellular growth and metabolism.
- Describe the role of nutrients in microbial growth and their culture in the lab
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- Total factor productivity measures the residual growth in total output of a firm, industry, or national economy that cannot be explained by the accumulation of traditional inputs such as labor and capital .
- Increases in total factor productivity reflect a more efficient use of inputs, and total factor productivity is often taken as a measure of long-term technological change or dynamism brought about by such factors as technical innovation.
- Total factor productivity cannot be measured directly.
- It is also generally viewed as one of the main vehicles for driving economic growth.
- When a country is able to increase its total factor productivity, it can yield higher output with the same resources, and therefore drive economic growth.
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- Limited high-growth approximation, implied growth models, and the imputed growth acceleration ratio are used to value nonconstant growth dividends.
- Note that the models diverge for and hence are extremely sensitive to the difference of dividend growth to discount factor.
- One can use the Gordon model or the limited high-growth period approximation model to impute an implied growth estimate.
- (Note: we are using earnings not dividends here because dividend policies vary and may be influenced by many factors including tax treatment).
- Subsequently, one can divide this imputed growth estimate by recent historical growth rates.
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- Sigma factors are proteins that function in transcription initiation .
- Often times, sigma factor expression or activity is dependent on specific growth phase transitions of the organism.
- If transcription of genes involved in growth is necessary, the sigma factors will be translated to allow for transcription initiation to occur.
- The anti-sigma factors will bind to the RNA polymerase and prevent its binding to sigma factors present at the promoter site.
- The anti-sigma factors are responsible for regulating inhibition of transcriptional activity in organisms that require sigma factor for proper transcription initiation.
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- Demographic changes: demographic factors influence economic growth by changing the employment to population ratio.
- Factors include the quantity and quality of available natural resources.
- When the economic growth matches the growth of money supply, an economy will continue to grow and thrive.
- However, when economic growth is not balanced, the result can include inflation and excessive growth.
- A high rate of population growth will cause less capital per worker, lower productivity, and lower GDP growth.