Going Viral

Examples of Going Viral in the following topics:

• Marketing Innovation Trends

  • Innovation trends in marketing include mobile marketing, viral marketing, and more efficient usage of branding and targeting.
  • Viral marketing is involves the exponential spread of a marketing messages by online word of mouth (sometimes referred to as "word of mouse").
  • A major component of viral communication is the meme - or a message that spreads virally and embeds itself in the collective consciousness.
  • Viral marketing is closely tied to social media, since social media platforms and their sharing functionality are the main way that a message is able to "go viral" online.
  • The trend may go so far as to let customers create marketing content, with agencies keeping oversight and steering from the sidelines.

• Other Diseases and Epstein-Barr Virus

  • The viral envelope is embedded with glycoproteins essential to viral entry into the cell.
  • Once EBV enters the cell, the viral capsid dissolves and the viral genome is transported to the cell nucleus.
  • During lytic replication, viral DNA polymerase is responsible for copying the viral genome.
  • Each latency program leads to the production of a limited, distinct set of viral proteins and viral RNAs.
  • Although the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis usually go away in 1-2 months, EBV remails dormant and hidden in the troat and blood cells for the rest of the person's life.

• Emergence of Viral Pathogens

  • Humans or other potential viral hosts are constantly exposed to viruses, yet most viral exposure has no effect.
  • One common evolutionary process whereby viral genes change over time is called genetic drift, where individual bases in the DNA or RNA mutate to other bases.
  • Viral genomes are constantly mutating, producing new forms of these antigens.
  • Antigenic shift is a specific case of reassortment or viral shift that confers a phenotypic change; it is the process by which two or more different strains of a virus, or strains of two or more different viruses, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two or more original strains.
  • Demonstrate the ways a virus can go from benign to pathogenic

• Viral Skin Diseases

  • Three common skin conditions that result from viral infections are cold sores, shingles, and warts.
  • Herpes simplex is a viral disease from the herpesviridae family caused by both Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2).
  • Treatments with antivirals can reduce viral shedding and alleviate the severity of symptomatic episodes.
  • Once an episode of chickenpox has resolved, the virus is not eliminated from the body but remains latent and can go on to cause shingles—an illness with very different symptoms—often many years after the initial infection.
  • They are caused by a viral infection, specifically by one of the many types of human papillomavirus (HPV).

• Attachment and Entry of Herpes Simplex

  • Herpes simplex virus attaches to a host's cells with viral envelope glycoproteins, which then allows entry of the viral capsid into the host cell.
  • Finally, a stable entry pore is formed through which the viral envelope contents are introduced to the host cell .
  • The genome encodes for 11 different glycoproteins, four of which, gB, gC, gD and gH, are involved in viral attachment.
  • Afterward, gB interaction with the gH/gL complex creates an entry pore for the viral capsid.
  • Following attachment, the viral envelope fuses with the host cell membrane and the viral capsid gains entry into the cell.

• Vaccines and Anti-Viral Drugs for Treatment

  • Vaccines and anti-viral drugs can be used to inhibit the virus and reduce symptoms in individuals suffering from viral infections.
  • In some cases, vaccines can be used to treat an active viral infection.
  • (a) Tamiflu inhibits a viral enzyme called neuraminidase (NA) found in the influenza viral envelope.
  • (b) Neuraminidase cleaves the connection between viral hemagglutinin (HA), also found in the viral envelope, and glycoproteins on the host cell surface.
  • Viral contents are released into the cell where viral enzymes convert the single-stranded RNA genome into DNA and incorporate it into the host genome.

• Shingles

  • Herpes zoster, commonly known as shingles, is a viral disease caused by the reactivation of the chickenpox virus, characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a limited area on one side of the body, often in a stripe.
  • Once an episode of chickenpox has resolved, the virus is not eliminated from the body, but can go on to cause shingles—an illness with very different symptoms—often many years after the initial infection.
  • Years or decades after a chickenpox infection, the virus may break out of nerve cell bodies and travel down nerve axons to cause viral infection of the skin in the region of the nerve.

• Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus

  • On entering the cell, an α-TIF protein joins the viral particle and aids in immediate-early transcription.
  • The virion host shutoff protein (VHS or UL41) is very important to viral replication.
  • This enzyme shuts off protein synthesis in the host, degrades host mRNA, helps in viral replication, and regulates gene expression of viral proteins.
  • The viral genome immediately travels to the nucleus but the VHS protein remains in the cytoplasm.
  • An enzyme shuts off protein synthesis in the host, degrades host mRNA, helps in viral replication, and regulates gene expression of viral proteins.

• Viral Replication and Gene Expression

  • Replication of viruses primarily involves the multiplication of the viral genome.
  • Replication also involves synthesis of viral messenger RNA (mRNA) from "early" genes (with exceptions for positive sense RNA viruses), viral protein synthesis, possible assembly of viral proteins, then viral genome replication mediated by early or regulatory protein expression.
  • Viral replication usually takes place in the cytoplasm .
  • Uncoating of the viral RNA is mediated by receptor-dependent destabilization of the virus capsid (2).
  • Cleavage of the viral protein VPg is performed by a cellular phosphodiesterase, and translation of the viral RNA occurs by a cap-independent (IRES-mediated) mechanism (3).

• General Features of Virus Replication

  • Viruses must first penetrate and enter the cell before viral replication can occur.
  • This is often called viral entry.
  • Uncoating is a process in which the viral capsid is removed: This may be by degradation by viral or host enzymes or by simple dissociation.
  • This is accomplished through synthesis of viral messenger RNA (mRNA) from "early" genes (with exceptions for positive sense RNA viruses), viral protein synthesis, possible assembly of viral proteins, then viral genome replication mediated by early or regulatory protein expression.
  • Whenever the host divides, the viral genome is also replicated.