Glycopeptide antibiotic

Examples of Glycopeptide antibiotic in the following topics:

• Inhibiting Cell Wall Synthesis

  • β-Lactam (beta-lactam) and glycopeptide antibiotics work by inhibiting or interfering with cell wall synthesis of the target bacteria.
  • The first class of antimicrobial drugs that interfere with cell wall synthesis are the β-Lactam antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics), consisting of all antibiotic agents that contains a β-lactam nucleus in their molecular structures.
  • The second class of antimicrobial drugs that interfere with cell wall synthesis are the glycopeptide antibiotics, which are composed of glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic nonribosomal peptides.
  • Significant glycopeptide antibiotics include vancomycin, teicoplanin, telavancin, bleomycin, ramoplanin, and decaplanin.
  • Describe the two types of antimicrobial drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis: beta-lactam and glycopeptide antibiotics

• History of Antibiotic Therapy

• Antibiotic Misuse

  • Antibiotic resistance occurs when antibiotics no longer work against disease-causing bacteria.
  • Developing new antibiotics and other treatments to keep pace with antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria is necessary.
  • Antibiotic misuse has contributed largely to the emergence of new resistant strains.
  • It can also be manifested by not finishing a course of antibiotics as prescribed (stopping the antibiotic before the infection is fully cleared from the body).
  • Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections.

• Antibiotic Classifications

  • Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria; bacteriostatic antibiotics slow their growth or reproduction.
  • Antibiotics can be divided into two classes based on their mechanism of action.
  • Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria; bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit their growth or reproduction.
  • However, there is not always a precise distinction between them and bactericidal antibiotics.
  • "Narrow-spectrum" antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria, usually both gram positive and gram negative cells.

• Kirby-Bauer Disk Susceptibility Test

  • Kirby-Bauer antibiotic testing (also called KB testing or disk diffusion antibiotic sensitivity testing) uses antibiotic-containing wafers or disks to test whether particular bacteria are susceptible to specific antibiotics.
  • A larger zone of inhibition around an antibiotic-containing disk indicates that the bacteria are more sensitive to the antibiotic in the disk.
  • Clinicians can use KB test results to choose appropriate antibiotics to combat a particular infection in a patient.
  • Administering antibiotics that specifically target the particular bacteria that are causing the infection can avoid using broad-spectrum antibiotics, which target many types of bacteria.
  • In Kirby–Bauer testing, discs containing antibiotics are placed on agar where bacteria are growing, and the antibiotics diffuse out into the agar.

• Production of Vaccines, Antibiotics, and Hormones

  • Biotechnological advances in gene manipulation techniques have further resulted in the production of vaccines, antibiotics, and hormones.
  • Antibiotics are biotechnological products that inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacteria.
  • Antibiotics are produced on a large scale by cultivating and manipulating fungal cells.
  • Assays such as the one shown help scientists understand the effects of antibiotics on bacterial species.
  • Discuss the methods by which biotechnology is used to produce vaccines, antibiotics, and hormones.

• Antibiotics from Prokaryotes

  • Even though penicillin drugs, antibiotics produced by molds, were the first antibiotics successfully used to treat many serious infections, most of the naturally produced antibiotics are synthesized by bacteria.
  • These were the first antibiotics to be manufactured commercially.
  • They produce over two-thirds of the clinically useful antibiotics of natural origin .
  • Other bacterial species produce antibiotics as well.
  • Explain the role of Streptomyces and other prokaryotes in antibiotic production

• Antibiotics and Selective Toxicity

  • Antibiotics are able to selectively target specific types of bacteria without harming the infected host.
  • More specifically, narrow spectrum antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, whereas broad spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria.
  • Other antibiotics simply lack advantage over those already in use, or have no other practical applications.
  • Useful antibiotics are often discovered using a screening process.
  • Most antibiotics identified in such a screen are already known and must therefore be disregarded.

• Antibiotics: Are We Facing a Crisis?

  • Excessive use of antibiotics in animals or as imprudent medical treatments has resulted in the propagation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
  • Is this the beginning of the end of antibiotics?
  • Another major misuse of antibiotics is in patients with colds or the flu, for which antibiotics are useless.
  • There is also the excessive use of antibiotics in livestock along with the routine use of antibiotics in animal feed, both of which promote bacterial resistance.
  • In summary, the medical community is facing an antibiotic crisis.

• Industrial Production of Antibiotics

  • Once the process is complete, the antibiotic must be extracted and purified to a crystalline product.
  • This is simpler to achieve if the antibiotic is soluble in organic solvent.
  • This is because species are often genetically modified to yield the maximum amounts of antibiotics.
  • This process must be closely linked with retesting of antibiotic production and effectiveness.
  • Useful antibiotics are often discovered using a screening process.