geometric optics

Examples of geometric optics in the following topics:

• The Ray Aspect of Light

  • This is called geometric optics.
  • Since the movement of the light rays can be shown geometrically, if a mirror is one-half your height, you could see your whole body in the reflection.

• Properties of Quartz and Glass

  • Glasses are typically brittle and optically transparent.
  • Glass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light according to the principles of geometrical optics.

• Refraction Through Lenses

  • Lenses are found in a huge array of optical instruments, ranging from the simple magnifying glass to a camera lens to the lens of the human eye.
  • Additionally, we will explore how image locations and characteristics can be quantified with the help of a set of geometric optics equations.

• Cézanne

  • Cézanne was interested in the simplification of naturally occurring forms to their geometric essentials, wanting to "treat nature by the cylinder, the sphere, the cone."
  • Cézanne's explorations of geometric simplification and optical phenomena inspired Picasso, Braque, Gris and others to experiment with ever more complex multiple views of the same subject.

• Optic (II) Nerve

  • The optic nerve is also known as cranial nerve II.
  • The optic nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves.
  • As a consequence, optic nerve damage produces irreversible blindness.
  • The optic nerve leaves the orbit, which is also known as an eye socket, via the optic canal, running posteromedially toward the optic chiasm, where there is a partial decussation (crossing) of fibers from the nasal visual fields of both eyes.
  • An illustration of the brain highlighting the optic nerve and optic tract.

• Development of Vision

  • Development of the optic vesicles starts in the three week embryo from a progressively deepening groove in the neural plate called the optic sulcus.
  • As this expands, the rostral neuropore (the exit of the brain cavity out of the embryo) closes and the optic sulcus and the neural plate becomes the optic vesicle.
  • The lens acts as an inducer back to the optic vesicle to transform it into the optic cup and back to the epidermis to transform it into the cornea.
  • Iris is formed from the optic cup cells.
  • After the closure of the tube they are known as the optic vesicles.

• Resolution of the Human Eye

  • As soon as the eye moves, it re-adjusts its exposure, both chemically and geometrically, by adjusting the iris (which regulates the size of the pupil).
  • The eye includes a lens not dissimilar to lenses found in optical instruments (such as cameras).
  • About 12–15° temporal and 1.5° below the horizontal is the optic nerve or blind spot which is roughly 7.5° high and 5.5° wide.

• Geometric Sequences

  • A geometric progression, also known as a geometric sequence, is an ordered list of numbers in which each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one by a fixed non-zero number called the common ratio $r$.
  • The $n$th term of a geometric sequence with initial value $a$ and common ratio $r$ is given by
  • The common ratio of a geometric series may be negative, resulting in an alternating sequence.
  • For instance: $1,-3,9,-27,81,-243, \cdots$ is a geometric sequence with common ratio $-3$.
  • The behavior of a geometric sequence depends on the value of the common ratio.

• Experiments in Latin America

  • Beginning with Surrealism and Muralism after World War I, artistic styles evolved toward abstract expressionism, geometric designs, and social commentary through artwork.
  • The influx of postwar European artists to Latin America was another determinant factor in the rise of geometric abstraction.
  • The two groups differed about what constituted abstract art: the São Paulo contingent stressed reason, serial form, and optical effects; the neo-concrete artists of Rio de Janeiro accorded a higher value to the role of experimentation, expressiveness, and subjectivity.

• Lasers

  • A laser consists of a gain medium, a mechanism to supply energy to it, and something to provide optical feedback.
  • A laser consists of a gain medium, a mechanism to supply energy to it, and something to provide optical feedback (usually an optical cavity).
  • When a gain medium is placed in an optical cavity, a laser can then produce a coherent beam of photons.
  • The gain medium is where the optical amplification process occurs.
  • The most common type of laser uses feedback from an optical cavity--a pair of highly reflective mirrors on either end of the gain medium.