fusion

Examples of fusion in the following topics:

• Fusion Reactors

  • A fusion reactor is designed to use the thermal energy from nuclear fusion to produce electricity.
  • Fusion power is the power generated by nuclear fusion processes.
  • To harness fusion power, a fusion reactor must be built to turn the energy released by fusion into electricity.
  • It was first derived for fusion reactors by John D.
  • State the Lawson criterion for a fusion reactor to be viable

• Nuclear Fusion

  • In nuclear fusion two or more atomic nuclei collide at very high speed and join, forming a new nucleus.
  • The fusion of lighter elements in stars releases energy and mass.
  • Research into controlled fusion, with the aim of producing fusion power for the production of electricity, has been conducted for over 60 years.
  • At present, controlled fusion reactions have been unable to produce self-sustaining controlled fusion reactions.
  • Analyze possibility of the use of nuclear fusion for the production of electricity.

• The Hydrogen Bomb

  • The hydrogen bomb is a nuclear weapon that uses a mixture of fission and fusion to produce a massive explosion.
  • A thermonuclear weapon is a nuclear weapon designed to use the heat generated by a fission bomb to compress a nuclear fusion stage.
  • This type of weapon is referred to as a hydrogen bomb, or H-bomb, because it employs hydrogen fusion.
  • Oddly, in most applications, the majority of its destructive energy comes from uranium fission, not hydrogen fusion alone.
  • Radiation from a primary fission bomb compresses a secondary section containing both fission and fusion fuel.

• Nuclear Fusion

  • Fusion is the process that powers active stars, releasing large quantities of energy.
  • Therefore, energy is no longer released when such nuclei are made by fusion; instead, energy is absorbed.
  • The fusion of lighter elements in stars releases energy, as well as the mass that always accompanies it.
  • A substantial energy barrier of electrostatic forces must be overcome before fusion can occur.
  • Therefore, the main technical difficulty for fusion is getting the nuclei close enough to fuse.

• Endosymbiotic Theory and the Evolution of Eukaryotes

  • Genome fusion occurs during endosymbiosis, which is the mechanism proposed as responsible for the first eukaryotic cells.
  • Within the past decade, the process of genome fusion by endosymbiosis has been proposed to be responsible for the evolution of the first eukaryotic cells .
  • An endosymbiotic fusion event would clearly explain this observation.
  • More controversial is the proposal that (a) the eukaryotic nucleus resulted from the fusion of archaeal and bacterial genomes; and that (b) Gram-negative bacteria, which have two membranes, resulted from the fusion of Archaea and Gram-positive bacteria, each of which has a single membrane.
  • Describe the genome fusion hypothesis and its relationship to the evolution of eukaryotes

• HIV Attachment and Host Cell Entry

  • The attachment and fusion of HIV virons to host cells are crucial to HIV infection.
  • The first step in fusion begins after the attachment of the CD4 binding domains of gp120 to CD4.
  • This allows for a more stable two-pronged attachment, which allows the N-terminal fusion peptide gp41 to penetrate the cell membrane.
  • This loop structure brings the virus and cell membranes close together, allowing fusion of the membranes and subsequent entry of the viral capsid.
  • The attachment and fusion of HIV virons to host cells are crucial to allowing HIV infection to occur.

• Conservation of Nucleon Number and Other Laws

  • Through radioactive decay, nuclear fusion and nuclear fission, the number of nucleons (sum of protons and neutrons) is always held constant.
  • Finally, nuclear fusion follows the Law of Conservation of Nucleon Number.
  • Consider the fusion of deuterium and tritium (both hydrogen isotopes):
  • It is well understood that the tremendous amounts of energy released by nuclear fission and fusion can be attributed to the conversion of mass to energy.
  • Thus, the number of nucleons before and after fission and fusion is always constant.

• Ankylosing Spondylitis

  • Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory, autoimmune disease that results in joint fusion in the vertebrae and the sacroiliac joint.
  • It mainly affects joints in the spine and the sacroiliac joint in the pelvis, and can cause eventual fusion of the spine .
  • Complete fusion results in complete rigidity of the spine, a condition known as "bamboo spine. "

• Reporter Fusions

  • A reporter fusion is the hybrid of a gene or portion of a gene with a tractable marker.
  • In these cases the reporter is directly attached to the gene of interest to create a gene fusion.
  • As you can see the localization of the fused protein can now be determined using fluorescent reporter fusions.

• Nuclear Weapons

  • A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions—either fission, fusion, or a combination.
  • A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion.
  • The first fusion (i.e., thermonuclear "hydrogen") bomb test released the same amount of energy as approximately 10,000,000 tons of TNT.