forced expiration

Examples of forced expiration in the following topics:

• Lung Capacity and Volume

  • The two most often used measurements are FVC (forced vital capacity) and FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in one second).
  • The inspiratory reserve volume is the extra space for air after a normal inspiration and the expiratory reserve volume is the extra air that can be exhalaed after a normal expiration.
  • RV: The amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal expiration.
  • The most widely used diagnostic application for lung capacities is the ratio between forced expiratory volume (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC).
  • FEV1: The volume of air exhaled in one second of forced expiration.

• Types of Breathing

  • There are different types, or modes, of breathing that require a slightly different process to allow inspiration and expiration.
  • During hyperpnea, also known as forced breathing, inspiration and expiration both occur due to muscle contractions.
  • During forced inspiration, muscles of the neck, including the scalenes, contract and lift the thoracic wall, increasing lung volume.
  • During forced expiration, accessory muscles of the abdomen, including the obliques, contract, forcing abdominal organs upward against the diaphragm.
  • Adult amphibians are lacking or have a reduced diaphragm, so breathing via lungs is forced.

• Expiration

  • Exhalation (or expiration) is the flow of the respiratory current out of the organism.
  • While expiration is generally a passive process, it can also be an active and forced process.
  • There are two groups of muscles that are involved in forced exhalation.
  • Internal Intercostal Muscles: Muscles of the ribcage that help lower the ribcage, which pushes down on the thoracic cavity, causing forced exhalation.
  • Voluntary expiration is actively controlled.

• Sunset Laws

  • Most laws do not have sunset clauses and therefore remain in force indefinitely.
  • In American federal law parlance, legislation that is meant to renew an expired mandate is known as a reauthorization act or extension act.
  • Several surveillance portions of the USA Patriot Act were originally set to expire on December 31, 2005.
  • These were later renewed, but expired again on March 10, 2006, and was renewed once more in 2010.

• Quebec, New York, and New Jersey

  • Forces under Major General Richard Montgomery captured Fort St.
  • Montgomery joined Arnold outside of Quebec with an army much reduced in size due to expiring one-year enlistment terms.
  • In December 1775, Montgomery and Arnold's combined forces were defeated at the Battle of Quebec.
  • The Patriot forces were disorganized and weakened by smallpox by this point.
  • Washington's army had dwindled to fewer than 5,000 men fit for duty and would be significantly reduced after enlistments expired at the end of the year.

• The Senate

  • This provision, which came into force soon after the end of the Civil War, was intended to prevent those who had sided with the Confederacy from serving.
  • This was achieved by dividing the senators of the 1st Congress into thirds (called classes), where the terms of one-third expired after two years, the terms of another third expired after four, and the terms of the last third expired after six years.
  • Current senators whose six-year terms expire on January 3, 2013, belong to Class I.

• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

  • In COPD, the greatest reduction in air flow occurs when breathing out (during expiration), because the pressure in the chest tends to compress rather than expand the airways.
  • In theory, air flow could be increased by breathing more forcefully, increasing the pressure in the chest during expiration.
  • If the rate of airflow is too low, a person with COPD may not be able to completely finish breathing out (expiration) before he or she needs to take another breath.
  • The diagnosis of COPD is confirmed by spirometry, a test that measures the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), which is the greatest volume of air that can be breathed out in the first second of a large breath.
  • Spirometry also measures the forced vital capacity (FVC), which is the greatest volume of air that can be breathed out in a whole, large breath.

• The Acts of Parliament

  • Lieutenant-General Thomas Gage, commander-in-chief of forces in British North America, and other British officers who fought in the French and Indian War, were finding it hard to persuade colonial assemblies to pay for the quartering and provisioning of troops on the march.
  • Following the expiration of an act that provided British regulars with quartering in New York, Parliament passed the Quartering Act of 1765, which went far beyond what Gage had requested.
  • The Quartering Act was circumvented in all colonies other than Pennsylvania and expired on 1767.
  • This act expired on March 24, 1776.

• Shortcomings of the Measurement

  • The rate is a percentage that is calculated by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by the number of individuals currently employed in the labor force .
  • Labor Force Sample Surveys: provide the most comprehensive results.
  • The method is criticized because unemployment benefits can expire before an individual finds employment which makes the calculations inaccurate.
  • Some individuals also choose not to enter the labor force and these statistics are also not considered.
  • Describe the rates in the U.S. of those who are employed, unemployed, and not in the labor force

• Lung Volumes and Capacities

  • Tidal volume (TV) measures the amount of air that is inspired and expired during a normal breath.
  • An important measurement taken during spirometry is the forced expiratory volume (FEV), which measures how much air can be forced out of the lung over a specific period, usually one second (FEV1).
  • In addition, the forced vital capacity (FVC), which is the total amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled, is measured.
  • The inspiratory capacity (IC) is the amount of air that can be inhaled after the end of a normal expiration.
  • Inspiratory capacity is the amount of air taken in during a deep breath, while residual volume is the amount of air left in the lungs after forceful respiration.