foot and mouth disease

Examples of foot and mouth disease in the following topics:

• Positive-Strand RNA Viruses of Animals

  • Picornaviruses are separated into a number of genera and include many important pathogens of humans and animals.
  • The diseases they cause are varied, ranging from acute "common-cold"-like illnesses, to poliomyelitis, to chronic infections in livestock.
  • On the other hand, rhinoviruses infect primarily the nose and the throat.
  • In contrast, rhinoviruses are acid-labile (inactivated or destroyed by low pH conditions) and that is the reason why rhinovirus infections are restricted to the nose and throat.
  • Foot and Mouth Disease is caused by the Aphthovirus virus which positive-strand RNA virus, of the Picornaviridae family of animal viruses.

• Treatment of Animal Viral Infections

  • Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the prototypic member of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family.
  • This picornavirus is the etiological agent of an acute systemic vesicular disease that affects cattle worldwide, foot-and-mouth disease.
  • In depth knowledge of the molecular basis of the viral cycle is needed to control viral pathogenesis and disease spreading.
  • Pestiviruses account for important diseases in animals such as Classical swine fever (CSF) and Bovine viral diarrhea / Mucosal disease (BVD/MD).
  • Bluetongue virus (BTV), a member of Orbivirus genus within the Reoviridae family causes serious disease in livestock (sheep, goat, cattle).

• Infection

  • An infection is the invasion of tissues by disease-causing microorganisms; two common infections of the skin are athlete's foot and herpes.
  • An infection is the invasion of body tissues by disease-causing microorganisms, their multiplication and the reaction of body tissues to these microorganisms and the toxins that they produce.
  • Infections of the integumentary system include athlete's foot and herpes simplex.
  • Athlete's foot (also known as ringworm of the foot) is a fungal infection of the skin that causes scaling, flaking, and itching of affected areas.
  • Herpes simplex (Greek for "creeping") is a viral disease caused by both Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2).

• Portals of Microbe Entry

  • In droplet contact and other airborne transmission it is generally the respiratory system through the nose, mouth, or eye surfaces.
  • In fecal-oral transmission, it is through the mouth.
  • Sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV and Hepatitis B are thought to be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse (including anal and oral routes), contaminated blood transfusions, sharing hypodermic needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding.
  • Some diseases that are transmissible by direct contact include Athlete's foot and impetigo.
  • The boundary between contagious and non-contagious infectious diseases is not perfectly drawn, as illustrated by tuberculosis, which is clearly transmissible from person to person, but was not classically considered a contagious disease.

• Blister

  • Fluid collects between the epidermis, the upper layer of the skin, and the layers below.
  • Both blisters and calluses can lead to more serious complications, such as foot ulceration and infection, particularly when sensation or circulation is impaired, as in the case of diabetes, neuropathy or peripheral artery disease
  • The most common are chickenpox, herpes, impetigo, and a form of eczema called dyshidrosis.
  • Dermatitis herpetiformis – a skin disease that causes intensely itchy blisters, usually on the elbows, knees, back and buttocks.
  • Chronic bullous dermatosis – a disease that causes clusters of blisters on the face, mouth or genitals.

• Fungal Skin and Nail Diseases

  • Common fungal skin diseases include athlete's foot, jock itch, and ringworm.
  • Common fungal skin and nail diseases include athlete's foot, jock itch, and ringworm.
  • Athlete's foot (also known as ringworm of the foot and tinea pedis; ) is an infection of the skin that is caused by a fungi in the genus Trichophyton.
  • Athlete's foot causes scaling, flaking, and itching of the affected skin.
  • Describe how fungal skin and nail diseases arise, their characteristic symptoms and the treatment options available

• Fungi as Plant, Animal, and Human Pathogens

  • Plant diseases have ruined crops, bringing widespread famine.
  • In animals, the disease is referred to as ergotism.
  • A mycosis is a fungal disease that results from infection and direct damage.
  • They secrete extracellular enzymes that break down keratin (a protein found in hair, skin, and nails), causing conditions such as athlete's foot and jock itch.
  • Treatment of these and many other fungal diseases requires the use of antifungal medications that have serious side effects.

• Classification of Phylum Mollusca

  • The phylum Mollusca includes a wide variety of animals including the gastropods ("stomach foot"), the cephalopods ("head foot"), and the scaphopods ("boat foot").
  • These animals have a broad, ventral foot that is adapted for suction to rocks and other substrates, and a mantle that extends beyond the shell in the form of a girdle.
  • Class Cephalopoda ("head foot" animals) includes octopi, squids, cuttlefish, and nautilus.
  • The foot is lobed and developed into tentacles and a funnel, which is used as the mode of locomotion.
  • The mouth is visible to the left in this image.

• Phylum Rotifera

  • The rotifer body form consists of a head (which contains the corona), a trunk (which contains the organs), and the foot.
  • Rotifers are typically free-swimming and truly planktonic organisms, but the toes or extensions of the foot can secrete a sticky material forming a holdfast to help them adhere to surfaces.
  • The food particles enter the mouth and travel to the mastax (pharynx with jaw-like structures).
  • The rotifer body consists of a head, a truck, and a foot.
  • They eat by filtering food into the mouth by creating currents with the corona.

• Antifungal Drugs

  • The development of antifungal drugs focuses on the classes of mycotic diseases for which fungi are responsible.
  • These classes include hypersensitivity—allergic reactions based on the presence of mold and spores; mycotoxicoses—diseases based on the presence of fungi that produce toxins in animal feed and human food products; mycetismus—mushroom poisoning; and lastly, mycoses—characterized by infection.
  • Disease-causing fungi are targeted and then drug classes are classified based on drug structure or mechanism.
  • Azole drugs are broad-spectrum drugs and treat fungal infections of the skin or mouth.
  • An example of an azole drug is Clotrimazole, commonly used to treat athlete's foot, ringworm , vaginal yeast infections, and oral thrush.