food chain

Examples of food chain in the following topics:

• Food Chains and Food Webs

  • A food web describes the flow of energy and nutrients through an ecosystem, while a food chain is a linear path through a food web.
  • A single path of energy through a food web is called a food chain.
  • It is rare to find food chains that have more than four or five links because the loss of energy limits the length of food chains .
  • These are the trophic levels of a food chain in Lake Ontario.
  • Distinguish between food chains and food webs as models of energy flow in ecosystems

• Organization of Ecosystems

  • In this way, it is the energy from the sun that usually powers the base of the food chain.
  • Within ecosystems, the biotic factors that comprise the categories above can be organized into a food chain in which autotrophic producers use materials and nutrients recycled by decomposers to make their own food; the producers are in turn eaten by heterotrophic consumers.
  • In real world ecosystems, there are multiple food chains for most organisms (since most organisms eat more than one kind of food or are eaten by more than one type of predator).
  • Additionally, the movement of mineral nutrients in the food chain is cyclic rather than linear.
  • As a consequence, the intricate network of intersecting and overlapping food chains for an ecosystem is more commonly represented as a food web.

• Strategies for Acquiring Energy

  • It is important to understand how organisms acquire energy and how that energy is passed from one organism to another through food webs and their constituent food chains.
  • Food webs illustrate how energy flows directionally through ecosystems, including how efficiently organisms acquire it, use it, and how much remains for use by other organisms of the food web.
  • These ecosystems are often described by grazing food webs.
  • Heterotrophs function as consumers in the food chain; they obtain energy in the form of organic carbon by eating autotrophs or other heterotrophs.
  • Unlike autotrophs, heterotrophs are unable to synthesize their own food.

• Protists as Primary Producers, Food Sources, and Symbionts

  • Protists function as sources of food for organisms on land and sea.
  • Some protist species are essential components of the food chain and are generators of biomass.
  • Protists do not only create food sources for sea-dwelling organisms.
  • Virtually all aquatic organisms depend directly or indirectly on protists for food.

• Cephalic Phase

  • The cephalic phase of gastric secretion occurs even before food enters the stomach via neurological signals.
  • The cephalic phase of gastric secretion occurs even before food enters the stomach, especially while it is being eaten.
  • This enhanced secretory activity brought on by the thought or sight of food is a conditioned reflex.
  • It only occurs when we like or want food.
  • When food enters stomach, the stomach stretches and activates stretch receptors.

• Logistics

  • The term Logistics Management or Supply Chain Management is the part of Supply Chain Management that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective, forward, and reverse flow and storage of goods, services, and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customer's requirements.
  • This can involve anything from consumer goods, such as food to IT materials, and aerospace and defense equipment.
  • Logistics as a business concept evolved in the 1950s due to the increasing complexity of supplying businesses with materials and shipping out products in an increasingly globalized supply chain, leading to a call for experts or supply chain logisticians.
  • The goal of logistics work is to manage the fruition of project life cycles, supply chains, and resultant efficiencies.
  • Starting in the 1990s, several companies chose to outsource the logistics aspect of supply chain management by partnering with a 3PL, third-party logistics provider.

• Influence on the Entire Supply Chain

  • Marketing can play a key role in integrating supply chain processes and promoting collaboration between different stakeholders.
  • Marketing flows and processes encourage information sharing throughout the entire supply chain.
  • Negative public response over the use of pesticides or the unfair treatment of factory workers have often led to brands selling organically grown foods, adopting anti-sweatshop labor practices, and promoting locally produced goods that support independent and small businesses.
  • Marketing flows are often integrated into the larger supply chain of an organization to promote efficiency.
  • Show the impact that marketing has on supply chains, both operational and marketing types

• Paralysis-Causing Bacterial Neurotoxins

  • Foodborne botulism can be transmitted through food that has not been heated correctly prior to being canned, or food from a can that has not been cooked correctly.
  • Botulinum toxin is a two-chain polypeptide with a 100-kDa heavy chain joined by a disulfide bond to a 50-kDa light chain.
  • The heavy chain of the toxin is particularly important for targeting the toxin to specific types of axon terminals.
  • The light chain is able to cleave endocytotic vesicles and reach the cytoplasm.
  • The light chain of the toxin has protease activity.

• Chemical Digestion of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

  • Chemical breakdown of macromolecules contained in food is completed by various enzymes produced in the digestive system.
  • These enzymes break down food proteins into polypeptides, which are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids.
  • In humans, dietary starches are composed of glucose units arranged in long chains of polysaccharide called amylose.
  • Approximately half the adult population produces only small amounts of lactase and are therefore unable to eat milk-based foods.
  • Digestion of certain fats begins in the mouth, where lingual lipase breaks down short chain lipids into diglycerides.

• Lipid Molecules

  • In a fatty acid chain, if there are only single bonds between neighboring carbons in the hydrocarbon chain, the fatty acid is said to be saturated.
  • In the food industry, oils are artificially hydrogenated to make them semi-solid and of a consistency desirable for many processed food products.
  • Many fast food restaurants have recently banned the use of trans fats, and food labels are required to display the trans fat content.
  • Saturated fatty acids have hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds only.
  • A cis double bond causes a kink in the chain.