first-order condition

Examples of first-order condition in the following topics:

• First Condition

  • The first condition of equilibrium is that the net force in all directions must be zero.
  • Here we will discuss the first condition, that of zero net force.
  • In order to achieve this conditon, the forces acting along each axis of motion must sum to zero.
  • The condition $F_\text{net} = 0$ must be true for both static equilibrium, where the object's velocity is zero, and dynamic equilibrium, where the object is moving at a constant velocity.

• Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning

  • Classical conditioning occurs when an unconditioned response becomes a conditional response to an unrelated conditional stimulus.
  • Classical conditioning is a form of learning whereby a conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes associated with an unrelated unconditioned stimulus (US), in order to produce a behavioral response known as a conditioned response (CR).
  • The conditioned stimulus is usually neutral and produces no particular response at first, but after conditioning it elicits the conditioned response.
  • The conditioned stimulus was the ringing of the bell.
  • The conditioned response, therefore, was the salivation of the dogs in response to the conditioned stimulus (the ringing of the bell) .

• Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning: Pavlov

  • Classical conditioning is a form of learning whereby a conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes associated with an unrelated unconditioned stimulus (US) in order to produce a behavioral response known as a conditioned response (CR).
  • The conditioned stimulus is usually neutral and produces no particular response at first, but after conditioning it elicits the conditioned response.
  • Extinction is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus.
  • In classical-conditioning terms, there is a gradual weakening and disappearance of the conditioned response.
  • After conditioning, the neutral stimulus alone produces a conditioned response (salivation), thus becoming a conditioned stimulus.

• Acidobacteria

  • They were first recognized as a novel division in 1997.
  • The Phylum can be further broken down in Class Acidobacteria with Order Acidobacteriales and Class Solibacteres with Order Solibacterales.
  • Acidophilic organisms are capable of thriving under highly acidic conditions.
  • The first species of this phylum, Acidobacterium capsulatum, was discovered in 1991 .
  • Discuss the advantages that Acidobacteria have developed due to their ability to thrive in acidic conditions

• Pecking Order

  • Pecking order theory basically states that the cost of financing increases with asymmetric information.
  • The pecking order theory was popularized by Stewart C.
  • Myers when he argues that equity is a less preferred means to raise capital because managers issue new equity (who are assumed to know better about true conditions of the firm than investors).
  • Tests of the pecking order theory have not been able to show that it is of first-order importance in determining a firm's capital structure.
  • Explain the benefits and shortcomings of using the "pecking order" theory to evaluate a company's value

• The Rate Law

  • The value of this coefficient k will vary with conditions that affect reaction rate, such as temperature, pressure, surface area, etc.
  • For example, the rate law $Rate=k[NO]^2[O_2]$ describes a reaction which is second-order in nitric oxide, first-order in oxygen, and third-order overall.
  • What is the reaction order?
  • The reaction is first-order in hydrogen, one-half-order in bromine, and $\frac{3}{2}$-order overall.
  • The reaction between nitric oxide and ozone, $NO(g) + O_3(g)\rightarrow NO_2(g) + O_2(g)$ , is first order in both nitric oxide and ozone.

• Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning

  • Research regarding this principle of learning was first studied by Edward L.
  • As with most early psychological research, the first testing of behaviorist learning theory was done on animals.
  • Almost half a century after Thorndike's first publication of the principles of operant conditioning, Skinner attempted to prove an extension to this theory—that all behaviors were in some way a result of operant conditioning.
  • His experiments used shaping, reinforcement, and reinforcement schedules in order to prove the importance of the relationship that animals form between behaviors and results.
  • Shaping is the conditioning paradigm of an experiment.

• Sample distribution of the difference of two proportions

  • We must check two conditions before applying the normal model to $\hat{p_1} - \hat{p_2}$ .
  • First, the sampling distribution for each sample proportion must be nearly normal, and secondly, the samples must be independent.
  • Under these two conditions, the sampling distribution of $\hat{p_1} - \hat{p_2}$ may be well approximated using the normal model.
  • Conditions for the sampling distribution of $\hat{p_1} - \hat{p_2}$ to be normal
  • Results for a Pew Research Center poll where the ordering of two statements in a question regarding health care were randomized.

• Disease Diagnosis

  • The initial diagnostic impression can be a broad term describing a category of diseases instead of a specific disease or condition.
  • The final result may also remain a list of possible conditions, ranked in order of probability or severity.
  • Even if it doesn't result in a single probable disease or condition, it can at least rule out any imminently life-threatening conditions.
  • When making a medical diagnosis, a lag time is a delay in time until a step towards diagnosis of a disease or condition is made.
  • Types of lag times are mainly onset-to-medical encounter lag time or the time from onset of symptoms until visiting a health care provider and encounter-to-diagnosis lag time or the time from first medical encounter to diagnosis.

• Psychology of Purchasing

  • Classical conditioning was an early behaviorist model.
  • Behavioral patterns, then, were understood to consist of organisms' conditioned responses to the stimuli in their environment.
  • Classical conditioning was an early behaviorist model.
  • Consumerism is a social and economic order that encourages the purchase of goods and services in ever-greater amounts.
  • The term "consumerism" was first used in 1915 to refer to "advocacy of the rights and interests of consumers" (Oxford English Dictionary) but in this article the term "consumerism" refers to the sense first used in 1960, "emphasis on or preoccupation with the acquisition of consumer goods" (Oxford English Dictionary).