external validity

Examples of external validity in the following topics:

• Biases in Experimental Design: Validity, Reliability, and Other Issues

  • A study that is externally valid is one in which the data and conclusions gathered from the results of an experiment can be applied to the general population outside of the experiment itself.
  • A study's external validity can be threatened by such factors as small sample sizes, high variability, and sampling bias.
  • This will impact whether the data is externally valid, meaning that it can be applied to the general public.
  • Explain the factors that can threaten the external validity of a study

• Overview of Inputs to Strategic Planning

  • Often discussed in tools for planning are models that measure the internal and external environments (e.g.
  • Because of this, tools for planning largely focus on generating enough data to construct valid recommendations.
  • Industry experts: Whether internal employees or external consultants, a few individuals with extensive experience in a given industry are valuable resources in the planning process.
  • It is difficult to see the whole house from inside the house, and upper management can utilize an external opinion to ensure they are seeing operations clearly and objectively.

• Learn as you go

  • We have utilized consultants from time to time to validate our assumptions or to give us an opportunity to ensure we did not miss anything, but in most of our plants, [because] the processes are very specific, external experts cannot bring much additional help. ' (Communication with Ken Tannenbaum [formerly] of Dow Chemical)

• Electric Currents and Magnetic Fields

  • Another version of the right hand rule emerges from this exploration and is valid for any current segment—point the thumb in the direction of the current, and the fingers curl in the direction of the magnetic field loops created by it.
  • Ampere's law is always valid for steady currents and can be used to calculate the B-field for certain highly symmetric situations such as an infinite wire or an infinite solenoid.
  • Note that the B-field in this case is the external field.
  • The right hand rule can be used to determine the direction of the force on a current-carrying wire placed in an external magnetic field.
  • This rule is consistent with the field mapped for the long straight wire and is valid for any current segment.

• Electric Generators

  • A generator forces electric charge (usually carried by electrons) to flow through an external electrical circuit.
  • This expression is valid, but it does not give EMF as a function of time.

• Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System

  • Extrinsic aging of skin is a distinctive process caused by external factors which include ultraviolet radiation, cigarette smoking, and air pollution, among others.
  • A validated comprehensive grading scale has categorized the clinical findings of skin aging as laxity (sagging), rhytids (wrinkles), and the various facets of photoaging, including erythema/telangiectasia (redness), dyspigmentation (brown discoloration), solar elastosis (yellowing), keratoses (abnormal growths), and poor texture.

• How Emotion and Mood Influence Behavior

  • Emotions play a critical role in how individuals behave and react to external stimuli; they are often internalized enough for people to fail to notice when they are at work.
  • However, both positive and negative emotions can distort the validity of a decision.

• Packaging Considerations

  • Packaging processes, labeling, distribution, and sale need to be validated to comply with regulations and to ensure they have the well-being of the consumer in mind.
  • Package design may take place within a company or with various degrees of external packaging engineering: independent contractors, consultants, vendor evaluations, independent laboratories, contract packagers, or total outsourcing.
  • An effective quality management system and verification and validation protocols are mandatory for some types of packaging and recommended for all.

• The Psychology of Recruiting and Selecting Employees

  • Measures have different types of validity that capture different qualities.
  • There are three major types of validity: content validity, construct validity, and criterion validity.
  • Content validity refers to how comprehensively the measure assesses the underlying construct that it claims to assess.
  • Construct validity refers to whether the measure accurately assesses the underlying construct that it claims to assess.
  • An example of a measure with debatable construct validity is IQ testing.

• Introducing Externalities

  • An example of an externality is pollution.
  • The third parties who experience external costs from a negative externality do so without consent, while the individuals who receive external benefits do not pay a cost.
  • The existence of externalities can cause ethical and political problems within society.
  • Air pollution caused by motor vehicles is an example of a negative externality.
  • Give examples of externalities that exist in different parts of socity